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ETS好象很不喜欢被动语态, 总说他awkward, 可有时ETS自己也用. 我总结了一下使用被动语态的条件和限制, 希望大家指正: (以下例子均来自OG)
A. 总的来说主动优于被动, 因为动作发出者明确. 即便被动选项里有by引导的动作发出者, 主动也比被动简洁, 因而优选.
252. Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.
(A) Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.
(B) Out of every four, three automobile owners in the United States also owns a bicycle.
(C) Bicycles are owned by three out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States.
(D) In the United States, three out of every four automobile owners owns bicycles.（A）
(E) Out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States, bicycles are also owned by three.
The passive construction in C (Bicycles are owned by) is cumbersome and does not contribute meaningfully to the sentence.
B. 但如果未划线部分已经明确提示, 那么被动就是必然.
1.未划线部分已经有了by引导的动作发出者
57. In astronomy the term “red shift” denotes the extent to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted toward the red, or long-wave, end of the light spectrum by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth.
(A) to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted
(B) to which light from a distant galaxy has shifted
(C) that light from a distant galaxy has been shifted
(D) of light from a distant galaxy shifting（A）
(E) of the shift of light from a distant galaxy
In B, the active verb has shifted suggests that the light, not the motion, is the agency of action, but such a construction leaves the phrase by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth without any logical or grammatical function.
2. 为了与未划线部分平行
134. The school board ruling mandating that physically handicapped students be placed in regular classroom settings whenever possible also assured all children who have a reading problem of special aid.
(A) be placed in regular classroom settings whenever possible also assured all children who have a reading problem
(B) should be placed in regular classroom settings whenever possible also assures all children that have a reading problem
(C) are placed in regular classroom settings whenever possible also assures those children who are having reading problems
(D) be placed in regular classroom settings whenever possible also assured children with reading problems（D）
(E) should be placed in regular classroom settings whenever possible also has assured all those children with a reading problem
未划线部分用了被动, 为了平行, 也应该用平行
C. 在以下几种情况下被动可以被使用:
1. 动作发出者不明确
157. A number of linguists contend that all of the thousands of languages spoken by the world’s five billion people can be traced back to a common root language.
(A) that all of the thousands of languages spoken by the world’s five billion people can be traced
(B) that the world’s five billion people speak thousands of languages of which all can be traced
(C) the world’s five billion people speak thousands of languages which are all traceable
(D) all of the thousands of languages spoken by the world’s five billion people to be traceable（A）
(E) the ability to trace all of the thousands of languages that are spoken by the world’s five billion people
可以被追溯这件事是一个客观事实, 谁都可以做.
190. Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period of religious reformism were the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and the victory of the Usuli “mujtahids” in Shiite Iran and Iraq.
(A) Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period of religious reformism were the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and
(B) Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period of religious reformism were shown in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and also
(C) In the first period of religious reformism, manifestations of Islamic political militancy were the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, of the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and
(D) In the first period of religious reformism, manifestations of Islamic political militancy were shown in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and（E）
(E) In the first period of religious reformism, Islamic political militancy was manifested in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, and the Mahdi in the Sudan, and in
manifestated in....也是一个客观事实, 没什么动作发出者.
2. 题目中提供的动作发出者不合理
200. Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place: one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(A) Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(B) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason that certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(C) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes are found in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than those that are free of such chemicals.
(D) The finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals is suggestive of one reason, if used repeatedly in the same place, certain pesticides can become ineffective.（A）
(E) The finding of much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in those that are free of such chemicals suggests one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place.
finding不会suggest. 虽然正确答案A中用了by the finding...., 我认为它跟主动并不完全一样. 因为by有"通过, 根据"的意思.
D. 有些看似被动的例子, 其实是形容词表状态, 跟有没有动作发出者无关
96. The National Transportation Safety Board has recommended the use of fail-safe mechanisms on airliner cargo door latches assuring the doors are properly closed before takeoff and to prevent them from popping open in flight.
(A) assuring the doors are properly closed
(B) for the assurance of proper closing
(C) assuring proper closure
(D) to assure closing the doors properly（E）
(E) to assure that the doors are properly closed
closed在这里是形容词, 表状态
224. Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.
(A) in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than
(B) isolated from contact with Europeans longer than
(C) in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were
(D) isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were（D）
(E) in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than
isolated在这里也是形容词
做题技巧: a. 未划线部分有by引导的动作发出者, 想都不要想就是被动.
b. 动作发出者不可能确定或不合理, 被动.
c. 上述两种情况都不存在, 就是主动 (不管被动选项里是否有by, 有by也不简洁;没有by更错).
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发表于 2005-5-4 08:06:00
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