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AI:
(1) just refute:
Thers days we often hear about the concern over the issue of …
The arguer advocates that…, but is this really the case? However
Sound this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.
Moreover, it appears insignificant when the negative influence is taken
Into account. As far as I am concerned, I believe that… I base my view on
Two reasons.
(2) just spport:
Recently the issue of …has been brought to public attention.
Current wisdom says that… In a sense, …do(does)… I base my view
On two reasons. First, … Second, …
(3) two points, support one while refute another:
These days we often hear about the concern over the issue of…
The extent to which… involves a conflict between… and … On the
Surface, it may seem a sound idea that …, but carefully weighing on
The mind, I agree that … takes precedence over… I base my view on two
Reasons.
(4) suppor boths stands---a balanced approach:
These days we often hear about the concern over the issue of… The
Extent to which involves a conflict between… and … It seems to me
That there are good points in both arguments, and after carefully weighing
On the mind, I believe that we should pay attention to both… and …
One should take a balanced approach to… on a case-by-case basis.
In the first place, the reason why I have such a view is that…
A particular example for this is … Under this circumstance, it is obvious that…
In the second place, much evidence has shown that… Just imagine what would
Be like if … Hence, another equally important aspect is that…
One argument against my contention might assert that, by nature, …, and that
I am simply underestimating… Yet substantial evidence exists to the contrary…
For example,… Given this, … is certainly warranted.
I conclusion, it is in our best interest as a society… Due to the above-mentioned
Reasons, which sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become
More persuasive, we may safely arrive at the conclusion I support. If …, with
Its claim for … , could be harmonized with the concerns of … , a more fruitful
Model for contemporary… could emerge.
The issue of whether...is a complex and controversial one.
Different people hold different views due to their respective
angles. On one hand, as is well-known and has often been
advocated, ...; on the other hand, others probably insist that....
We do not have to look very far to see the valid standpoint of
this matter. In the following analysis, I would like to reason and
provide evidence favoring the former one and refuting the latter
one. (The complex nature of the above issue requires us to
consider it on a case-by-case basis. In my point of view, whether
one has advantages over the other depends on the specific
circumstances.)
In the first place, the important reason that can be presented to
develop my position is that.... A good example may be found in the
case that.... Under this circumstance/therefore, it is obvious
that....
In addition, there is another reason for me to choose the former
statement/consider the latter statement to be wrong. The reason is
not far to seek:.... To illustrate, a case in point in this
respect is that....
Admittedly, there is no denying that...in some conditions. As we
know, .... However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient
support to.... (When...of X and Y are carefully compared, the most
striking conclusion is obvious. To sum up, while...may be true in
exceptional cases, I agree that....)
Consequently, I advocate that..., because: (1) ...; (2) .... Due
to the above-mentioned reasons, which sometimes intertwine to form
an organic whole and thus become more persuasive, we may safely
arrive at the conclusion I support.
Aa:
In this argument the author reaches the conclusion that…
The basis for this recommendation is that …
An additional reason given in support of this recommendation
Is that … ( The author cites … as an example in support of
This recommendation). At first glance, the author’s argument
Appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals
That it omits some important concerns that should be addressed to
Substantiate the argument.
In the first place,
In the second place,
In the third place,
In conclusion, the author fails to provide adequate justification for…
As it stands, the reasoning does not constitute a logical argument in
Favor of the recommendation. To strengthen the argument, the author
Would have to provide evidence to prove that… To better assess the
Argument, we need additional detailed information about … so that we can
Establish the conclusion whether…
严重推荐：Argument之七宗罪
第一宗罪：无因果联系 after this, therefore because of this
The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The
line of the reasoning is that because A occurred before B, the
former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the
positive correlation between A and B to establish causality.
However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily
prove that A caused B.) But this is fallacious reasoning unless
other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled
out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or
perhaps B is caused by D.
第二宗罪 Insufficient-sample
The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the
conclusion drawn from it. One example is logically unsounded to
establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a few
recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future
trends), unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all
A. It is possible that.... In fact, in face of such limited
evidence, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted.
第三宗罪: 错误类比 (based on a false analogy )<横向>
The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in
all respects. This assumption is weak, since although there are
points of comparison between A and B, there is much dissimilarity
as well. For example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much
more difficult for B to do....
第四宗罪 all things are equal<纵向>
The author commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”. The fact
that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a
conclusion that.... The author assumes without justification that
the background conditions have remained the same at different
times or at different locations. However, it is not clear in this
argument whether the current conditions at AA are the same as they
used to be two years ago. Thus it is impossible to conclude
that....
第五宗罪 Either-Or choice
The author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive
alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However,
the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice.
Common sense tells us that adjusting both AA and BB might produce
better results.
第六宗罪 survey is doubtful
The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The
claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or
when, where and how the poll was conducted. (Lacking information
about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents,
it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For
example, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the
conclusion that...would be highly suspect. Because the argument
offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of
interpretations,) Until these questions are answered, the results
of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.
第七宗罪 gratuitous assumption
The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that....
However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this
assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For
example, it is more likely that.... Therefore, this argument is
unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
六分模版：
The author in this argument is trying to establish that Apogee
Company should close down its field offices and conduct all its
operations from a single location. This conclusion is based on the
assertion that Apogee Company’s more profit in the past years was
simply caused by operating in one location. To support this
conclusion, the author reasons that such centralization would
improve profitability by cutting costs. In addition, he assumes
that centralization would help the company maintain better
supervision of all employees. Closely examining the author’s logic
and reasoning, we find that neither of these reasons provides
sufficient support for the conclusion and this argument suffers
two serious logical flaws.
First of all, this argument relies on a groundless assumption that
the reason why Apogee Company is less profitable than before is
because it was operated in multiple locations.
However, no evidence stated in the report supports this crucial
assumption. There are many other factors that could have caused or
contributed to the result that the Apogee Company is less
profitable. It is possible that the competitors of Apogee Company
are stronger than past; it is also possible that the slowdown of
the overall economical environment have caused the less
profitability on today than past. Any of these scenarios, if true,
would show that Apogee Company’s poor financial performance is not
due to the multi- location operation. Therefore, without ruling
out other factors or presenting stronger evidence, the author
cannot conclusively assert that Apogee should close down its field
offices and conduct all its operations from a single location.
Second, the author commits the “after this and therefore because
of this” fallacy where the author assumes that because the poor
financial performance occurred after the Apogee Company conducted
its operation from more than one location, the multi-location
operation was responsible for the poor financial performance. The
statistical relationship between the poor financial performance
and multi-location operation can not necessarily establish the
causality between Apogee Company’s poor financial performance and
its multi location operation. In fact, the author obviously
ignored the possibility of other alternative factors such as the
price increase of raw materials, or the extra expense for the
construction of new factory, which may contribute to the Apogee
Company’s poor financial performance. It may be only a coincidence
that the poor financial performance happened after Apogee Company
moved from one location operation to multi-location operation.
Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to the
relation between poor financial performance and multi- location
operation, this assumption is in question and can not be accepted.
In conclusion, this argument is ineffective because the author
commits the above mentioned logical mistakes. The author could
strengthen the conclusion that Apogee Company should close its
field offices and conducts all its operation in single location by
demonstrating that the poor financial performance was a result of
multi-location operation. | 
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发表于 2005-3-20 23:56:00
发表于 2005-4-17 13:20:00
