that和which指代最难的还是在于它的跳跃，跳跃是英语里很常见的一种现像，有时候它可以从句尾跳到句首中间跳过的单词十数计，但是有时候二三个单词都跳不过，大多数情况下我们都可以根据逻辑来判断它跳跃落点在那里。但是这里边是否有语法规律可寻呢？我认为是有的，有一条很简单但是非常重要的规律。
不跳跃；
By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase to 10 percent from 6 percent its share of the country's $21 billion book market, which ranges from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.
第一种情况；
S-adj/adv ,which……V……。
Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.
第二种情况；
S -V which
这种情况因为没有宾语只有S所以没有岐义 ，仅举一例；he laughs best who laughs last
第三种情况；；
S--V---O Adj /Adv(定语或者状语） which……。
Liberty consists in thepowerof doingthat which is permitted by the law that （这个句子比较复杂，但是语法书上喜欢用它）
我们还是看gmat的真题比较亲切；
From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
注意；A of B 的情况；我认为这个和其它介词短语应该并没有什么不同，具体修饰那一个要看逻辑，有的时候单复数也可帮助判断
以下情况指代B
Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles.
In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.
以下指代A
New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties. (A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties (B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation (C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties (D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties (E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
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这三种类别大家应该都见过，我们如果止于此就有抄袭之嫌了。我们的重点来是什么情况下不可以跳跃？
是否像他们总结的那样S---V----O不能跳过宾语去修饰S主语是因为任何时候都不能跳过谓语？
第四类;
Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.
(A) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang
(B) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging
(C) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
(D) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
(E) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung
这个题选D那其它选项中的whose为什么不能跳跃？它不能跳跃的原因和S---V---O相同吗？
我认为完全相同，这就是我们说的第四类，S---V---O---C.也就是说sleeping on the branches 是宾语补足语，它是一个名词成份（宾语补足语有时可以是形容词，副词），S--V --O中的宾语也是一个名词成份所以不能跳跃，而作为定语，状语的形容词，副词成份是可以跳跃的。
规律是什么？
句中的副词性成份，形容词性成份 （定语，状语）都是可以跳跃的。但是不要跳跃名词性成份--宾语和宾语补足语（可以是名词性成份）
但是任何规则都免不了有例外，只有了解这些例外才能让我们更好的理解规则，
宾语的例外； he knows best what good is that have endured evil
宾语补足语的例外；the father gave the man what he wanted ,who had saved her daughter .
这种结构容易引起歧义，所以事实上很少见到。我们自己也不要轻易使用。
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发表于 2013-6-29 18:52:45
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