Ben的复习笔记回顾

bejamin1111

【1】since the past few years错；since不加时间段；
【2】idioms of "identify"
identify...as...确认证明某人[某事物]; 鉴别出（系某人或某物:
~ sth with sth 认为某事物与另事物等同:
One cannot identify happiness with wealth；
identify (oneself) with sb/sth；
He refused to identify himself/become identified with the new political party.

bejamin1111

CMAC又一道贱题
Responding to the public's fascination with-and sometimes undue alarm over-possible threats from asteroids, a scale developed by astronomers rates the likelihood that a particular asteroid or comet may collide with Earth.
A a scale developed by astronomers rates the likelihood that a particular asteroid or comet may
B a scale that astronomers have developed rates how likely it is for a particular asteroid or comet to
C astronomers have developed a scale to rate how likely a particular asteroid or comet will be to
D astronomers have developed a scale for rating the likelihood that a particular asteroid or comet will
E astronomers have developed a scale that rates the likelihood of a particular asteroid or comet that may.
答案是C而不是C，原因是：be likely to do结构的变形！金刚啊..

bejamin1111

【1】as a result: 表示间接的因果关系：
"as a result of" suggests indirect causation. i.e., when you write “x happened as a result of y”, the implication is that y didn't cause x directly, although y was in some way ultimately responsible for x.

bejamin1111

OG回顾要点:
【1】since：表原因时候，没有because好，OG解释使用since会使得句子失去重要的因果联系；
【2】无论是被动语态还是定语从句，有确定的动作发出者的时候一般都用主动的形式；
【3】begin to do和begin doing的区别在OG12中并未作为splits；
【4】maybe 和perhaps可以互换，后者更加正式一点；
【5】If is used to express conditional statements.  If & When are interchangeable when the conditional if statement expresses facts or definite events；

【6】 关于but，although,even though等；

But：并列连词，和as，yet属于一类；这类词语要求两边对称；

Even though：后必须接句子；

Although：后面可接形容词或者形容词性的短语：

James, althoughbigger than many of the other players, is one of the fastest men on theteam.

【7】Expectation that之后的从句动词用虚拟语气

【8】"according to..." doesn't make sense in this context. that's a phrase you use when you name the person or source from which some information/opinion/etc. comes.         according to GMAC, the GMAT exam is designed to measure test-takers' reasoning abilities, not their knowledge of particular content.

【9】attempt to try， wordy；
【10】v-ing作为modifier，有两种，一种是noun modifier，一种是adverbial modifier，前者遵从touch rule（一般说来noun modifier都遵从touch rule）；
         如果v-ing放在句首，那么就必然是作为noun modifier，修饰——主语；如果v-ing为于句子“内部”，前面没逗号，那肯定是noun modifier，修饰preceding noun；
【11】to do总是表示某一次具体的应用或目的，表达功能的话用doing更为合适。
【12】句尾的"comma + infinitive"是adverbial modifier。而我们知道adverbial modifier的位置可以很灵活，通常可以放前面、后面甚至中间。            To get a high score, we study hard.
            We study hard to get a high score.
            但如果这个句子复杂点，怎么办？To get a high score, we do a lot of practices and analyze the questions.
We do a lot of practices and analyze the questions, to get a high score.
这个时候，注意第2句话，"to get a high score"前面就有个逗号。
你来试试不加逗号啥效果：
We do a lot of practices and analyze the questions to get a high score.
什么叫做"questions to get a high score"? 很多名词后面都可以加infinitive来修饰，比如"attempt to do it" "courage to take on the challenge".....那我能否把这"questions to get a high score"当作一个整体，搅尽脑汁去理解呢？
相信你明白我的意思了。我想说的是，如果我们把"to get a high score"放到句子末尾，就要加逗号，以方便读者的理解，照顾一下我可怜的脑细胞。这就是说为什么GMAT强调的是effective expression.

“但是commma+不定式不是错的么”
我想说，从来就没有这个规则！"comma + infinitive"作adverbial modifier 在英语里很普遍，比如就我上面那个句子：
We do a lot of practices and analyze the questions, to get a high score.

第30题，我觉得是说，这里"to protect"不能作为adverbial modifier，因此就不能用刚才说到的"comma + infinitive"这个adverbial modifier的结构。
为什么不能作adverbial modifier? 因为adverbial modifier是修饰的整个sentence/clause的意思.
这个句子主干：
Shields were essential items of military equipment.
所以"to protect"和这个句子不搭调。

如果你非要用逗号后面加"to protect"，那我造这个句子：
Members of Ashanti nation developed shields as essential items of military equipment, to protect ....
你看，这个句子的主干，是：
Members developed shields.
Question: why did they develop shields?  Answer: To protect ....
Because "to protect ..." answers the "why" question, it is regarded as an adverbial modifier.

判断能否作为adverbial modifier，有个简单的办法，就是像我上面那样提问，看能否answer the how/why/where/when questions.

当你这么检验的时候，你就会发现
"to protect" CANNOT answer the how/why/where/when questions for "Shields were essential items of military equipment".

bejamin1111

OG 上做一次错一次的题目：
Laos has a land area about the same as Great Britain but only four million in population, where many are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.
A about the same as Great Britain but only four million in population, where many
L的面积和国家比，错；where的用法错
B of about the same size as Great Britain is, but in Laos there is a population of only four million, and many
L的面积和国家比，错；there be句型的使用wordy，imprecise；
C that is about the same size as Great Britain's land area, but in Laos with a population of only four million people, many of them
that is的使用imprecise，size的使用不好，最好是比较的都是land area，Great Britain's land area中的land area的重复使用累赘；them无指代，them应该指代L或者GB某个国家的人，但是这里没有合适的先行词
D comparable to the size of Great Britain, but only four million in population, and many
size没有land area好，* "4 million in population" is not idiomatic. * it's not clear to what "many" refers. * "and" is an inappropriate transition;
it suggests that there is no essential connection between "many..." and the previous mention of population.
- this is hard to think about at first, because this is the way it's done in spoken language. for instance:
spoken language: there were 50 women, and many of them were brunettes. --> this is considered incorrect in written language.
written language: there were 50 women, many of whom were brunettes.
E comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only four million people, many of whom
正确；that指代land area

木以晨夕

有毅力, 顶!!!

bejamin1111

【1】pronounce sth. sth.(no AS)
【2】it做形式主语：
Sometimes we need to move an awkward subject or object to the back of the sentence. In these cases, we put an it in the sentence where the subject or object used to be. We call this use of it “Placeholder It”. Do not look for a noun antecedent for a Placeholder It.

(1) Postpone Infinitive Subjects

(2) Postpone That-Clause Subjects

(3) Postpone infinitive or That-Clause Objects
it做形式主语的时候不指代任何东西（这个知识点是新的！我之前以为会指代to do结构）

THE ONLY PRONOUNS ON THE GMAT THAT DON'T HAVE TO STAND FOR NOUNS:


It + description+ that +complete sentence (independent clause)
It + description+ to +verb (infinitive)
It + (TOBE verb) + NOUN t做形式主语的时候不指代任何东西（这个知识点是新的！我之前以为会指代to do结构）

THE ONLY PRONOUNS ON THE GMAT THAT DON'T HAVE TO STAND FOR NOUNS:
【3】and also的问题
关于在prep中出现的and also句式的解释：
and also在列举的时候多余，不过在also有时候是作为强调而且不用在列举中不一定多余（and also还有一种情况下是redundant的：both X and also Y）；
对于这题的解释中，prep并没有指出and also的问题，应该这不是一个split的点，遇到这类搭配不能马上排除
【4】The report recommended that the hospital should eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate expensive services , and use space in other hospitals.
should多余，因为前面是recommendation；
【5】关于Ved的用法：Ron的解答（必须看，强悍到无法！！！）
“ved” modifier could refer either to the subject or to the noun before; you'll have to use context to figure it out.

e.g.
Joe turned to face the audience, flushed with fear --> correct sentence; modifier modifies "Joe"

Joe will fight his next bout against Malik, renowned for his fierce left jab --> correct sentence; in this kind of (somewhat ambiguous) construction, the usual convention is that "renowned" modifies "Malik", not "Joe".

i don't think you really have to worry about these kinds of modifiers very much; experience shows that they are hardly tested at all on the real test.
【6】the fact that一般在GMAT考试中被判为赘余；用it做形式主语更好。that引导的主语从句很可疑，注意！

bejamin1111

【1】"INCLUDING" is an EXCEPTION to the otherwise robust rules for comma+ing modifiers.

when you see "comma + including", you should think of "including" as a preposition, not as an -ing modifier. therefore, "including X" will become a prepositional phrase that describes the stuff preceding the comma.
【2】在肯定句式中，doubt后面+whether
在否定句式中，doubt后面+that

manhattan中关于doubt的idioms用法：
Right：We DO NOT DOUBT THAT the apples are ripe.
       We HAVE NO DOUBT THAT the apples are ripe.
       She DOUBTS WHETHER Jan will arrive on time.
【3】过去完成时的使用条件：1.发生在句子中某个过去事件之前；2.并且与这个事情有联系；缺一不可； open to discussion.
【4】means： as a means to; by means of

bejamin1111

【1】纠结的过去完成时；
A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.
要减少的是将来的量，不是过去已经倾倒的量，这个无法改变；举例：
(A) In 2010, I decided to reduce the number of calories that I had eaten. (prior to 2010??? How can I retroactively do this?)
2010年的时候我决定去减少我之前吃进去的卡路里的量...逆天了，已经吃进去怎么减，难道。。
(D) In 2010, I decided to reduce the number of calories that I ate/eat (from that point forward)
【2】GMAT中最好不要用介词结束一句话，最好将这个介词提前到比如说定语从句关系代词之前

bejamin1111

木以晨夕 发表于 2013-7-28 15:45
有毅力, 顶!!!

thx