求教OG13第7题的指代和修饰问题~大家来帮帮忙啊

jeffery2541

7. The intricate structure of the compound insect eye, having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain why scientists have assumed that it evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.

(A) having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain why scientists have assumed that it

(B) having hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that they

(C) with its hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain scientists’ assuming that they

(D) with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain scientists’ assuming that it

(E) with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that it



This sentence addresses why scientists have decided that the vertebrate eye and the insect eye evolved independently of each other. The insect eye is much more intricate, with hundreds of miniature eyes. The sentence needs to be clear as to what has hundreds of miniature eyes. The structure or the insect eye? Furthermore, the singular subject intricate structure requires the singular verb helps.

A This wording misleadingly suggests that the intricate structure has miniature eyes, while the correct subject of the predicate having is the compound insect eye. Subject-verb agreement is violated.
B This wording misleads as in (A). Furthermore, the pronoun at the end of the underlined part of the sentence should refer back to the compound insect eye, so it cannot be plural.
C The phrase helps explain scientists’ assuming correctly agrees with the subject structure. However, it is nonstandard and awkward; the use of assuming with the possessive is unwarranted. Finally, the pronoun at the end of the underlined part of the sentence should refer back to the compound insect eye, so it cannot be plural.
D The subject structure and the verb help do not agree in number. As in (C), explain scientists’ assuming is verbose and awkward, and the use of the assuming with the possessive makes the construction unnecessarily complex.
E Correct. The phrase with its hundreds correctly refers back to the compound insect eye. The verb helps correctly agrees with the subject structure. Finally, the pronoun it correctly refers to the singular noun the compound insect eye.
The correct answer is E.

我不太理解会什么最后scientists have assumed that it中的it指代的是compound insect eye而不是The intricate structure of the compound insect eye？虽然从逻辑上说应该是前者，但A of B 的结构中B是poor antecedent吗？而且主语不是sturucture嘛不会有指代歧义么？
还有一个修饰问题，having难道不可以修饰它的紧邻名词eye吗？with独立主格(是独立主格吗?...)不是应该修饰主语structure么？with its中的its又是指代structure还是eye?

虽然说从主谓一致和其他指代(they明显更不对啦)来说可以判断出正确答案E, 但是以上的几点我还是理解不能orz..求各位帮忙解答~拜托了啊米娜桑!

-- by 会员 蛋蛋音 (2012/7/27 11:01:30)

1·关于代词指代的absolute rule只有两条：
(1) the antecedent must exist
(2) A pronoun and its antecedent must agree in number
也就是，只要不违背这两的代词的指代都不是绝对错误的。其余的情况中，只要代词的指代没有歧义就行。

上面那个题目中的it和its的指代是要相同的，否则就会产生歧义。

关于A of B是poor antecedent的问题，不是说B不能成为antecedent，只是有点poor，原因在于如果A/B数相同，则从语法上讲，指代是有歧义的。虽然这道题目中，尽管A/B数是相同的，但是从逻辑上推测it/its的指代都只能是compound insect eye，问一下自己：structure就只有hundreds of miniature eyes吗？而compound insect eye才是有hundreds of miniature eyes的。再问一问：进化的是structure吗？不，生物体才能进化。另外，即使我们认为structure是可以evolve的，可它能evolve independently of the vertebrate eye吗？不能，独立于the vertebrate eye进化的是compound insect eye，而不是structure。

代词的指代很多都不是绝对的，除了上面两条绝对外，其余规律都不是绝对的。

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2·The intricate structure of the compound insect eye, with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that it evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.（正确句子）
上句中的介宾结构with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia是来修饰compound insect eye。对，这里的with只是一个介宾结构，而不是独立主格。

with的用法大体有两种：a with型独立主格，常在句首或句尾，与主句的主谓有密切关系，也可以说是修饰主句的。在这个句中根本不是。
                                     b with介宾结构，当然可以修饰名词，也可以作方式状语。在这个句子中就是修饰前面紧邻名词the compound insect eye的。

jeffery2541

7. The intricate structure of the compound insect eye, having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain why scientists have assumed that it evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.

(A) having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain why scientists have assumed that it

(B) having hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that they

(C) with its hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain scientists’ assuming that they

(D) with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain scientists’ assuming that it

(E) with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that it



This sentence addresses why scientists have decided that the vertebrate eye and the insect eye evolved independently of each other. The insect eye is much more intricate, with hundreds of miniature eyes. The sentence needs to be clear as to what has hundreds of miniature eyes. The structure or the insect eye? Furthermore, the singular subject intricate structure requires the singular verb helps.

A This wording misleadingly suggests that the intricate structure has miniature eyes, while the correct subject of the predicate having is the compound insect eye. Subject-verb agreement is violated.
B This wording misleads as in (A). Furthermore, the pronoun at the end of the underlined part of the sentence should refer back to the compound insect eye, so it cannot be plural.
C The phrase helps explain scientists’ assuming correctly agrees with the subject structure. However, it is nonstandard and awkward; the use of assuming with the possessive is unwarranted. Finally, the pronoun at the end of the underlined part of the sentence should refer back to the compound insect eye, so it cannot be plural.
D The subject structure and the verb help do not agree in number. As in (C), explain scientists’ assuming is verbose and awkward, and the use of the assuming with the possessive makes the construction unnecessarily complex.
E Correct. The phrase with its hundreds correctly refers back to the compound insect eye. The verb helps correctly agrees with the subject structure. Finally, the pronoun it correctly refers to the singular noun the compound insect eye.
The correct answer is E.

我不太理解会什么最后scientists have assumed that it中的it指代的是compound insect eye而不是The intricate structure of the compound insect eye？虽然从逻辑上说应该是前者，但A of B 的结构中B是poor antecedent吗？而且主语不是sturucture嘛不会有指代歧义么？
还有一个修饰问题，having难道不可以修饰它的紧邻名词eye吗？with独立主格(是独立主格吗?...)不是应该修饰主语structure么？with its中的its又是指代structure还是eye?

虽然说从主谓一致和其他指代(they明显更不对啦)来说可以判断出正确答案E, 但是以上的几点我还是理解不能orz..求各位帮忙解答~拜托了啊米娜桑!

-- by 会员 蛋蛋音 (2012/7/27 11:01:30)

1·关于代词指代的absolute rule只有两条：
(1) the antecedent must exist
(2) A pronoun and its antecedent must agree in number
也就是，只要不违背这两的代词的指代都不是绝对错误的。其余的情况中，只要代词的指代没有歧义就行。

上面那个题目中的it和its的指代是要相同的，否则就会产生歧义。

关于A of B是poor antecedent的问题，不是说B不能成为antecedent，只是有点poor，原因在于如果A/B数相同，则从语法上讲，指代是有歧义的。虽然这道题目中，尽管A/B数是相同的，但是从逻辑上推测it/its的指代都只能是compound insect eye，问一下自己：structure就只有hundreds of miniature eyes吗？而compound insect eye才是有hundreds of miniature eyes的。再问一问：进化的是structure吗？不，生物体才能进化。另外，即使我们认为structure是可以evolve的，可它能evolve independently of the vertebrate eye吗？不能，独立于the vertebrate eye进化的是compound insect eye，而不是structure。

代词的指代很多都不是绝对的，除了上面两条绝对外，其余规律都不是绝对的。

---

2·The intricate structure of the compound insect eye, with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that it evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.（正确句子）
上句中的介宾结构with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia是来修饰compound insect eye。对，这里的with只是一个介宾结构，而不是独立主格。

with的用法大体有两种：a with型独立主格，常在句首或句尾，与主句的主谓有密切关系，也可以说是修饰主句的。在这个句中根本不是。
                                     b with介宾结构，当然可以修饰名词，也可以作方式状语。在这个句子中就是修饰前面紧邻名词the compound insect eye的。

-- by 会员 jeffery2541 (2012/7/27 12:38:15)

想问一下.如果A选项是explains.用having作分词修饰解释the compound insect eyes可以吗?

-- by 会员 flyoceanwu (2012/7/27 15:24:45)

还是不行的。因为正确选项with its... 更多的是表示一个状态，是和compound insect eye独立的两个同时存在的现象和东西。而having做compound insect eye 的定语就变成了【一个是另一个的附庸，compound insect eye还有一堆其他眼睛】，这个定语本身就背离了逻辑意思。

-- by 会员 superbat28 (2012/7/27 16:27:23)

bat大人正解！

jeffery2541

liwen0625 发表于 2013-9-6 09:13
我想问一下你你说的with做介宾结构修饰名词，那么遵循就近原则吗，就是离with最近的名词是被修饰的对象？ ...

名词修饰语都是要就近指代，但是都有跳跃指代的情况。