最后的鸡蛋挑骨头 due to because

sbbi

同意,我只是觉得ETS在这里有对WHERE的PREFERENCE.
ETS经常把不喜欢但又说不太清理由的用法放到错误的选项中.这是我问此题的理由.

以下是引用gemj在2003-9-27 22:48:00的发言：
我觉得这个题目不是WHERE与IN WHICH的区别，这里用二者都可以。
主要的原因在于E有两处非常严重的错误：
1）THEM没有指代对象；
2）如果把THEM理解为community residents，则题目的意思变成了：
49 percent of community residents have household incomes below the poverty level
而原题的意思是：
49 percent of the household incomes are below the poverty level
也就是混淆了the percentage of community residents（居民）和the percentage of households（家庭）

mzyzhu

我觉得句子的逻辑意思可能有助于理解部分题目的标准答案。

一般我们说：49%的家庭收入（is）低于平均水平。而不说：49%的家庭有（have）一个收入低于平均水平。

举一个中国人的例子：但听到被人说：再加一碗饭，我们觉得很正常。但是有人一定要跟一说：加多一碗饭。听得懂么，当然，但是别扭。

从法律的角度考虑，directive可以禁止销售的行为prohibiting the sale,这是一种事前的措施。但是要说directive可以从客观上禁止一个事实的发生 -- 禁止某种物品被销售到某国去这一结果。在逻辑上与前者有加大区别。在法律实施的可执行程度以及难度上也是有巨大区别的。



个人意见。

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-28 4:27:48编辑过]

GWBUSH

以下是引用sbbi在2003-9-28 0:34:00的发言：
thanks. could you explan this for me?
< it is wrong to say "prohibited from being sold" in E. but why can we say "keep it from being stolen"?>
(is it wrong to say "prohibited from being sold"? i believe so)

"prohibited from being sold" is not wrong, but if you link it with the whole sentence, E can not express the logic meaning as does C.

There are two points this question tries to test us:
(1) "prohibiting the sale to other countries of any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States" as the modifier of its previous noun "directive" to explain the contents of the directive.
(2) Idomatic usage of "the sale of something to somewhere".

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-28 5:43:26编辑过]

gemj

以下是引用sbbi在2003-9-28 0:34:00的发言：
thanks. could you explan this for me?
< it is wrong to say "prohibited from being sold" in E. but why can we say "keep it from being stolen"?>
(is it wrong to say "prohibited from being sold"? i believe so)

对不起，昨天晚上一直上不了网，很郁闷。
(is) prohibited from being sold与keep it from being stolen的结构是不一样的。
后者keep是主动，from being stolen是被动。
而前者prohibited用的是被动。

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-28 8:35:14编辑过]

sbbi

oh, i see. how stupid (i was)!
but is it wrong to say "sth is prohibited from being sold"?

sbbi

Gemj,再详细讲讲好么.等着你旁证博引呢.

以下是引用sbbi在2003-9-28 0:36:00的发言：
那为什么不会有歧义呢?或区分的原则是什么?

以下是引用gemj在2003-9-27 22:17:00的发言：
我同意remeo的观点：to keep it from是表目的的动词不定式，逻辑主语应该是buried的主语，即人们。
但我不认为“被动句的逻辑主语总应该是做的人/物（被动句的动作执行者）”，我想下面的第一个例子是最有力、最清晰地WEAKEN了这个HYPOTHESIS。  

gemj

我想从所讨论的本题以及补充的例子中可以看出，逻辑主语到底是谁需要CASE-BY-CASE地分析，区分的原则就是逻辑意思。
因为其逻辑主语从未在句子中出现，我想多少总会有些歧义吧，但根据逻辑意思是可以确定的。

sbbi

Gemj, pls clarify. thanks!

以下是引用sbbi在2003-9-28 9:29:00的发言：
is it wrong to say "sth is prohibited from being sold"?

gemj

以下是引用sbbi在2003-9-27 1:44:00的发言：
it is wrong to say "prohibited from being sold" in E. but why can we say "keep it from being stolen"?

prohibited用的是被动，FROM后面应该用主动形式selling，见下面的两个例子。
16. Which of the following questions can be answered on the basis of the information in the passage above?
(A) Is the Postal Service as efficient as privately owned electric transmission services?
(B) If private operators were allowed to operate first-class mail services, would they choose to do so?
(C) Do the electronic transmittal operators believe that the Postal Service makes a profit on first-class mail?
(D) Is the Postal Service prohibited from offering electronic transmission services?
(E) Is the Postal Service expected to have a monopoly on electronic transmission?

1. Walter: Although cigarette smoking is legal, it should be banned on all airline flights. Cigarette smoking in the confines of an aircraft exposes nonsmokers to harmful secondhand smoke that they cannot avoid.
Which one the following principles, if established, would justify the proposal put forth by Walter?
(A) People should be prohibited from engaging in an otherwise legal activity in those situations in which that activity would unavoidably expose others to harm.
(B) An activity should be banned only if most situations in which a person engaged in that activity would inevitably expose others to harm.
(C) A legal activity that has the potential for causing harm to others in certain situations should be modified in those situations to render it harmless.
(D) People who regularly engage in an activity that has the potential for harming others when that activity takes place in certain situations should be excluded from those situations.
(E) If an activity is legal in some situations in which a person’s engaging in that activity could harm others, then that activity should be legal in all situations.
也就是说be prohibited from的前面应该接动作的主体，后面应该接现在分词：
(动作的主体) be prohibited from doing
中文意思是：某主体（人）被禁止做某事。
或者说be prohibited from done本身就是错误的。
而且就算把E更改为：
that any chemical banned in the United States on medical grounds is prohibited from selling to other countries
也不对，因为chemical不是selling的动作主体。

sbbi

我只是想知道"sth is prohibited from being sold"的用法本身是不是错的.你好象没正面回答这个问题呀.

正因为chemical is prohibited from selling也不对.我才想知道chemical is prohibited from being sold这个用法本身对不对.可能我没把问题说清楚

以下是引用gemj在2003-9-28 10:42:00的发言：
prohibited用的是被动，FROM后面应该用主动形式selling，见下面的两个例子。
16. Which of the following questions can be answered on the basis of the information in the passage above?
(A) Is the Postal Service as efficient as privately owned electric transmission services?
(B) If private operators were allowed to operate first-class mail services, would they choose to do so?
(C) Do the electronic transmittal operators believe that the Postal Service makes a profit on first-class mail?
(D) Is the Postal Service prohibited from offering electronic transmission services?
(E) Is the Postal Service expected to have a monopoly on electronic transmission?

1. Walter: Although cigarette smoking is legal, it should be banned on all airline flights. Cigarette smoking in the confines of an aircraft exposes nonsmokers to harmful secondhand smoke that they cannot avoid.
Which one the following principles, if established, would justify the proposal put forth by Walter?
(A) People should be prohibited from engaging in an otherwise legal activity in those situations in which that activity would unavoidably expose others to harm.
(B) An activity should be banned only if most situations in which a person engaged in that activity would inevitably expose others to harm.
(C) A legal activity that has the potential for causing harm to others in certain situations should be modified in those situations to render it harmless.
(D) People who regularly engage in an activity that has the potential for harming others when that activity takes place in certain situations should be excluded from those situations.
(E) If an activity is legal in some situations in which a person’s engaging in that activity could harm others, then that activity should be legal in all situations.
也就是说be prohibited from的前面应该接动作的主体，后面应该接现在分词：
(动作的主体) be prohibited from doing
中文意思是：某主体（人）被禁止做某事。
或者说be prohibited from done本身就是错误的。
而且就算把E更改为：
that any chemical banned in the United States on medical grounds is prohibited from selling to other countries
也不对，因为chemical不是selling的动作主体。