第一：我用的这套gre历年真题是陈琦团队整理的，如有不妥，请告知我，随时撤下。
第二：按照这套真题的顺序，由简入难，从最简单的level 1开始，我将努力分析每篇阅读，并及时发上来，但是其中有些文章肯定会有分析错误，所以请大家帮我提出来，大家一起讨论，这才是我发这个贴的主要目的。
第三：分析当中涉及一些概念:TW主题词，TS主题句，KW论点，aw-为负评价（可看做论点），aw+正评价（可看做论点），a\b\c\d\e\f\g….都为说明性内容或者论据。
7月27日，level 1 的33篇文章已全部分析完，现在讲完整的pdf版放上来，pdf的内容稍有不同，是我重新又修正过的，所有解析以pdf为准！
1. The molecules of carbon dioxide
The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature of-18℃ can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise.
One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature.
第一段：
1句：TW’ 提出本文的主题词（carbon dioxide）
2句：TW’ 的说明性内容a
3句：TW’ 说明性内容 b
4句：TW’ 说明性内容 c
5句：TW’ 说明性内容 d
第二段：
1句：提出问题，及本文真正的主题句TS （problem is too much carbon dioxide）
2句：TS 说明性内容a
3句：TS’, 与TS对应，不同的形式，一样的意思。
4句：KW论点（the answer is probably yes）(简单说就是carbon dioxide导致global rise in temperature导致serious consequences)
第三段：
1句：KW的说明性内容说（论据）a1
2句：KW的说明性内容a2
3句：KW的说明性内容a3(carbon dioxide导致吸收更多的radiation)
4句：KW的说明性内容a4(radiation 导致 rise of temperature )
第四段：
1句：KW的说明性内容b,同时也是第四段的论点kw1
2句：KW1的说明性内容（论据）a1
3句：KW1的说明性内容a2
4句：KW1的说明性内容a3
5句：KW1的说明性内容a4
总结：
本文为现象解释型。
第一段介绍背景信息（carbon dioxide如何影响heat balance）；
第二段首句提出本文论题，主题句TS(carbon dioxide太多是个问题 )，最后一句提出作者论点KW（carbon dioxide导致temperature升高会进而导致serious consequences）；
第三段对论点KW提出论据，做出详细解释。到第三段最后一句话实际上都还没用点出serious consequences是什么，单单是temperature升高不能算是一个问题。
第四段实际还是继续对第二段末句KW的论述，作用也是作为论据。但该段第一句可以看做该段的论点，也就是既是KW的论据b，也是第四段的论点KW1。而且KW1其实才是KW提到的serious consequence。第四段从第2句到最后一句，讲的是一个连锁反应机制，解释了kw1从发生到最后的serious consequnence的发生过程。
B 17. The primary purpose of the passage is to（主题题）
(A) warn of the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuels（fossil fuels 只是论据中提到的一个点，不能以点概面）
(B) discuss the significance of increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere（不是很懂问什么选这个）
(C) explain how a constant temperature is maintained on the Earth’s surface(第一段的内容，只是全文的一部分，不能以点概面)
(D) describe the ways in which various atmospheric and climatic conditions contribute to the Earth’s weather（重点不在这，虽然有提到不同的方式导致气候变化）
(E) demonstrate the usefulness of mathematical models in predicting long-range climatic change（用意不在展示usefulness，方向搞错了。）
B 18. According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is（细节题）
(A) concentrated in the infrared spectrum
(B) concentrated at visible wavelengths（由第一段第二句得出）
(C) absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules
(D) absorbed by atmospheric water vapor
(E) reflected back to space by snow and ice
A 19. According to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs all of the following functions EXCEPT:（细节题）
(A) absorbing radiation at visible wavelengths（由第一段第二句可知visible wavelengths 是pass through.）
(B) absorbing infrared radiation
(C) absorbing outgoing radiation from the Earth
(D) helping to retain heat near the Earth’s surface
(E) helping to maintain a constant average temperature on the Earth’s surface
E 20. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its consequences?（态度题）
(A) Incredulous(没有表示出怀疑)
(B) Completely detached（过于绝对）
(C) Interested but skeptical（没有怀疑）
(D) Angry yet resigned（没有愤怒）
(E) Objective yet concerned
B 21. It can be concluded from information contained in the passage that the average temperature at an altitude of 1 kilometer above the Earth is about（推断题）
(A) 15℃
(B) 9℃（由第三段第二句可知，地面温度为15，由地面往上走每一公里温度降6）
(C) 2.5℃
(D) -12℃
(E) -18℃
D 22. It can be inferred from the passage that the construction of the mathematical model mentioned in the passage involved the formulation of which of the following?（推断题，这道题我不会。。。）
(A) An assumption that the amount of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere would in reality steadily increase
(B) An assumption that human activities are the only agencies by which carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere
(C) Assumptions about the social and political consequences of any curtailment of the use of fossil fuels
(D) Assumptions about the physical conditions that are likely to prevail during the period for which the model was made
(E) Assumptions about the differential behavior of carbon dioxide molecules at the various levels of temperature calculated in the model
D 23. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the last hundred years?（细节题）
(A) Fossil fuels were burned for the first time.
(B) Greater amounts of land were cleared than at any time before.
(C) The average temperature at the Earth’s surface has become 2℃ cooler.
(D) The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably.（第二段第二句明确指出15%）
(E) The amount of farmland worldwide has doubled.
2. All of Francoise Duparc’s
All of Francoise Duparc’s surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre. Her subjects appear to be acquaintances whom she has asked to pose; she has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre painting. But genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth-century France. The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values: we no longer require artists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard such idealization as a falsification of the truth. Duparc gives no improving message and discreetly refrains from judging her subjects. In brief, her works neither elevate nor instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries.
1句：提出本文的TW：本文重点讲述Francoise Duparc绘画以及画里的portraiture 和 genre。
2句：TS的说明性内容a：self-consciousness and the spontaneity逻辑等价于genre。
3句：提出KW：genre painting were never popular in 18th century.
4句: KW的论据a：‘Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour were largely ignored’其中ignore 对应前面的never popular.
5句：KW论据a’：‘Their present high standing’ 其中present 和18th century 对应，从反面来论述；这句话主要讲述了现代genre painting 的high standing 的原因，是因为different politic climate and aesthetic values，分号后面做具体说明，no longer 逻辑对应different，ideal images 对应such idealization.
6句：KW论据b：no improving message 逻辑对应ideal images，judging her subjects 逻辑对应moral education.
7句： KW论据b’：此句与上句意思基本一样，elevate对应improving message对应ideal images, instruct 对应moral education.
8句：KW’逻辑对应KW，重述论点。
总结：
本文为评述型文章。首句提出讨论的对象。第二句做具体说明。第三句提出论点。此后各句为逻辑并列关系，都未论点KW服务。
C 24. According to the passage, modern viewers are not likely to value which of the following qualities in a painting?（推理题）
(A) The technical elements of the painting
(B) The spontaneity of the painting
(C) The moral lesson imparted by the painting（由第5句得出，we no longer require …. moral edification）
(D) The degree to which the painting realistically depicts its subject
(E) The degree to which the artist’s personality is revealed in the painting
A 25. If the history of Duparc’s artistic reputation were to follow that of the Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, present-day assessments of her work would be likely to contain which of the following?(推理题)
(A) An evaluation that accords high status to her work(由第5句得出：their present high standing..)
(B) Acknowledgement of her technical expertise but dismissal of her subject matter as trivial
(C) Agreement with assessments made in her own time but acknowledgements of the exceptional quality of a few of her paintings
(D) Placement of her among the foremost artists of her century
(E) A reclassification of her work as portraiture rather than genre painting
D 26. It can be inferred from the passage that the term “genre painting” would most likely apply to which of the following?（推理题）
(A) A painting depicting a glorious moment of victory following a battle
(B) A painting illustrating a narrative from the Bible
(C) A portrayal of a mythological Greek goddess
(D) A portrayal of a servant engaged in his work(这道题我在D和E之间拿不准，正确答案是D)
(E) A formal portrait of an eighteenth-century king
A 27. The argument of the passage best supports which of the following contentions concerning judgments of artistic work?
(A) Aesthetic judgments can be influenced by the political beliefs of those making the judgment.（由第五句得出political climate,说明受政治的影响）
(B) Judgments of the value of an artist’s work made by his or her contemporaries must be discounted before a true judgment can be made.
(C) Modern aesthetic taste is once again moving in the direction of regarding idealistic painting as the most desirable form of painting.
(D) In order to be highly regarded, an artist cannot be solely identified with one particular kind of painting.
(E) Spontaneity is the most valuable quality a portrait painter can have.
（2014.7.2更新如下）3. PauleMarshall’s Brown Girl, Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones(1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black Americanliterature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict withWhite society that had been typical of the protest novels of the earlytwentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston andGwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search foridentity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended theanalysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depictingher heroine’s development in terms of the relationship between her BarbadianAmerican parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined bytheir immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism ofWhite America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshallattacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations ofrace, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970’s. 1句：本文主题句TS兼论点KW：‘Brownstoneswas a landmark’。 2句：论据a：与White society对比，‘avoid’逻辑对应’landmark’.‘oppressedand tragic heroine’逻辑对应’protest novels’。 3句：论据b: 与predecessors对比， 都是‘within the contextof a Black community’。 4句：论据b’: 依然是与predecessors对比， 由but看出这次是比较不同，Marshall‘extended the analysis’, 此句内部前后有个逻辑对应关系，‘extend’分别与’depicting’和’exploring’逻辑对应。 5句：论据c : ‘attack’与’pave theway ’都分别与TS/KW中的landmark 逻辑对应。 总结： 本文是评述型文章，比较简单，逻辑结构相对清楚，通篇只有作者一个人的观点。由第一句提出论点，后面几句分别提出论据来支持论点，其中包含了两个大类的对比，分别是于White society和predecessors的对比。
C 24. Thepassage is primarily concerned with(主题题) (A) comparing the works of three BlackAmerican authors（确实提到了，但是这样说就以点概面了。） (B) describing common themes in BlackAmerican literature（确实提到了，但是这样说就以点概面了。）
(C) discussing an important work in BlackAmerican literature (D) providing insights about Black Americanliterature in the early twentieth century（范围扩大了，只是PauleMarshall） (E) providing historical information aboutthe writing of Black American novels in the second half the twentieth century（范围扩大了，只是PauleMarshall） C 25. Accordingto the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they（细节题） (A) did not examine the effects of Whiteculture on their characters’ lives (B) were heavily influenced by the protestnovels of the early twentieth century (C) used Black communities as the settingsfor their novels（由第三句可得出） (D) wrote primarily about the difficultiestheir characters encountered in White culture (E) wrote exclusively about femalecharacters and the experiences of women D 26. Theauthor’s description of the way in which Marshall depicts her heroine’sdevelopment is most probably intended to（推断题） (A) continue the discussion of similaritiesin the works of Brooks, Hurston, and Marshall (B) describe the specific racial and sexualstereotypes that Marshall attacked (C) contrast the characters in Marshall’snovels with those in later works (D) show how Marshall extends the portrayalof character initiated by her predecessors（可由第4句得出答案，第4句内部实际上有个小的论证，论点就是extend the analysis，论据是depicting her heroine’s development 和 exploring how…来论述如何extend） (E) compare themes in Marshall’s early workwith themes in her later novels E 27. Itcan be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl,Brownstones as being(推断题) (A) completely different from novelswritten before 1959（过于绝对，文章看不出这点，） (B) highly influenced by novels written inthe early twentieth century（文章没提到） (C) similar to the protest novels thatpreceded it（说反了） (D) important in the late 1950’s but datedtoday（在今天是否dated 文章未提到） (E) an important influence on novelswritten in the 1970’s（由最后一句可知pave the way…就是影响的方式）
4. BeforeLaura Gilpin (1891-1979), Before Laura Gilpin (1891-1979), few women in the history of photographyhad so devoted themselves to chronicling the landscape. Other women hadphotographed the land, but none can be regarded as a landscape photographerwith a sustained body of work documenting the physical terrain. Anne Brigmanoften photographed woodlands and coastal areas, but they were generallysettings for her artfully placed subjects. Dorothea Lange’s landscapes werealways conceived of as counterparts to her portraits of rural women. At the same time that Gilpin’s interest in landscape work distinguishedher from most other women photographers, her approach to landscape photographyset her apart from men photographers who, like Gilpin, documented the westernUnited States. Western American landscape photography grew out of a male tradition,pioneered by photographers attached to government and commercial survey teamsthat went west in the 1860’s and 1870’s. These explorer-photographersdocumented the West that their employers wanted to see: an exotic and majesticland shaped by awesome natural forces, unpopulated and ready for Americansettlement. The next generation of male photographers, represented by AnselAdams and Eliot Porter, often worked with conservationist groups rather thangovernment agencies or commercial companies, but they nonetheless preserved the“heroic” style and maintained the role of respectful outsider peering in withreverence at a fragile natural world. For Gilpin, by contrast, the landscape was neither an empty vistaawaiting human settlement nor a jewel-like scene resisting human ntrusion, buta peopled landscape with a rich history and tradition of its own, anenvironment that shaped and molded the lives of its inhabitants. Herphotographs of the Rio Grande, for example, consistently depict the river interms of its significance to human culture: as a source of irrigation water, asource of food for livestock, and a provider of town sites. Also instructive isGilpin’s general avoidance of extreme close-ups of her natural subjects: forher, emblematic details could never suggest the intricacies of theinterrelationship between people and nature that made the landscape acompelling subject. While it is dangerous to draw conclusions about a“feminine” way of seeing from the work of one woman, it can nonetheless be arguedthat Gilpin’s unique approach to landscape photography was analogous to thework of many women writers who, far more than their male counterparts,described the landscape in terms of its potential to sustain human life. Gilpinnever spoke of herself as a photographer with a feminine perspective: sheeschewed any discussion of gender as it related to her work and maintainedlittle interest in interpretations that relied on the concept of a “woman’seye.” Thus it is ironic that her photographic evocation of a historicallandscape should so clearly present a distinctively feminine approach tolandscape photography.
第一段： 1句：提出本段的论点KW（Before LauraGilpin , few women… had so devoted to...）;同时也提出全文的主题词（Laura Gilpin和photography）。 2句：与第一句并列为本段论点KW（none can beregarded as a landscape photographer.） 3句：论据a（artfullyplaced subjects 与physical terrian逻辑对应） 4句：论据b（counterpartto portraits of rural women与physical terrian逻辑对应）
第二段： 1句：提出本段论点KW（…approach …set herapart from men photographers…） 2句：论据a,说明westernamerican landscape 起源于male, 特点就是attached to government and commercial survey team. 3句：论据a’,继续说明malelandscape photography 的特点，即：…their employers wanted to see…unpopulated andready for settlement. 4句：论据b, 继续用说明malelandscape photography，重新举例，next genertation…preserved the heroic style. 第三段： 1句：提出本段论点kw， by contrast表示与上一段的对比（…neither…awaitinghuman settlement nor…resisting human intrusion… but a peopledlandscape …an environment that shaped and molded the lives…） 2句：论据a, ‘irrigationwater, a source of food, town sites’都与上一句中的shaped andmolded the lives逻辑对应。 3句：论据b, ‘also’ 表示与上一句并列， ‘details could neversuggest…’从反面支持论点。 4句：提出新论点KW （Gilpin’s uniqueapproach …analogous to…. women writers） 第四段： 1句：反面论据a, 讲Gilpin一直避免 feminine。 2句：论据b, 提出Gilpinclearly present feminine ,尽管有些ironic. 总结： 本文为评述型文章。本篇文章没有主题句。第一段讲Gilpin与其他女性摄影家的区别；第二段提出Gilpin与男性摄影家的区别，然后重点讲了男性的特点；第三段实际上是服务第二段的论点的论据，只不过单把其第一句拿出来作为本段的论点，该论点实际是第二段论点的子论点，第二段最后一句话提出新的，也是本文实际上的第三个论点。总的来说，第一度、第二、三段、第四段是并列关系，都是从不同角度来评述Gilpin。 D 21. Whichof the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?（主题题） (A) Gilpin’s landscapephotographs more accurately documented the Southwest than did the photographsof explorers and conservationists.（没有谈到这种比较） (B) Gilpin’s style of landscapephotography substantially influenced the heroic style practiced by her malecounterparts.（没有讲到） (C) The labeling of Gilpin’s style oflandscape photography as feminine ignores important ties between it and theheroic style.（没有讲到） (D) Gilpin’s work exemplifies an arguablyfeminine style of landscape photography that contrasts with the style used byher male predecessors. (E) Gilpin’s style was stronglyinfluenced by the work of women writers who described the landscape in terms ofits relationship to people.（只是说类似，没有说谁影响谁） C 22. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the teams （government andcommercial survey teams）mentioned in line 19 were most interested in which of the followingaspects of the land in the western United States?（推断题） (A) Its fragility in the face of increasedhuman intrusion (B) Its role in shaping the lives ofindigenous peoples (C) Its potential for sustaining futuresettlements（由第二段第三句可知，’wanted to see’, ‘ready for American settelment’） (D) Its importance as an environment forrare plants and animals (E) Its unusual vulnerability to extremenatural forces A 23. Theauthor of the passage claims that which of the following is the primary reasonwhy Gilpin generally avoided extreme close-ups of natural subjects?(细节题) (A) Gilpin believed that pictures ofnatural details could not depict the interrelationship between the land andhumans.（由第三段第三句可知‘details could never suggest the intricacies of the interrelationship’） (B) Gilpin considered close-up photographyto be too closely associated with her predecessors. (C) Gilpin believed that all of herphotographs should include people in them. (D) Gilpin associated close-up techniqueswith photography used for commercial purposes. (E) Gilpin feared that pictures of smalldetails would suggest an indifference to the fragility of the land as a whole. C 24. Thepassage suggests that a photographer who practiced the heroic style would bemost likely to emphasize which of the following in a photographic seriesfocusing on the Rio Grande?（推断题） (A) Indigenous people and their ancientcustoms relating to the river (B) The exploits of navigators andexplorers (C) Unpopulated, pristine parts of theriver and its surroundings（由第二段最后一句话可知‘they nevertheless preserved the heroic style’重点在preserve,即上一代摄影家的特点，也就是第二段第三句提到的内容） (D) Existing commercial ventures thatrelied heavily on the river (E) The dams and other monumentalengineering structures built on the river A 25. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the first two generations of landscapephotographers in the western United States had which of the following incommon? (A) They photographed the land as an entitythat had little interaction with human culture.（由第二段第三句可知，unpopulated;由第三段第一句可知，bycontrast说明Gilpin的特点与the first two generations不同，而Gilpin的特点是‘anenvironment that shaped and molded the lives’） (B) They advanced the philosophy thatphotographers should resist alliances with political or commercial groups. (C) They were convinced that the pristinecondition of the land needed to be preserved by government action. (D) They photographed the land as a placeready for increased settlement. (E) They photographed only those locationswhere humans had settled. C 26. Basedon the description of her works in the passage, which of the following wouldmost likely be a subject for a photograph taken by Gilpin?（推断题） (A) A vista of a canyon still untouched byhuman culture (B) A portrait of a visitor to the Westagainst a desert backdrop (C) A view of historic Native Americandwellings carved into the side of a natural cliff（由第三段第一句可知‘landscapewith a rich history and tradition…. an environment that shaped and molded the lives…’提到了历史，提到了环境对人生活的影响） (D) A picture of artifacts from the Westbeing transported to the eastern United States for retail sale (E) An abstract pattern created by theshadows of clouds on the desert B 27. Theauthor of the passage mentions women writers in the third paragraph most likelyin order to（推断题） (A) counter a widely held criticism of herargument (B) bolster her argument that Gilpin’s style canbe characterized as a feminine style（不是很明白为什么选这个，因为提到‘womenwriters’的这个句子本身就是论点，但其他几个也明显不对，） (C) suggest that Gilpin took some of herideas for photographs from landscape descriptions by women writers (D) clarify the interrelationship betweenhuman culture and the land that Gilpin was attempting to capture (E) offer an analogy between photographicclose-ups and literary descriptions of small details
（7月4日更新如下 ）
5 The social sciences are less The social sciences are less likely than other intellectual enterprisesto get credit for their accomplishments. Arguably, this is so because thetheories and conceptual constructs of the social sciences are especiallyaccessible: human intelligence apprehends truths about human affairs withparticular facility. And the discoveries of the social sciences, once isolatedand labeled, are quickly absorbed into conventional wisdom, whereupon they losetheir distinctiveness as scientific advances. This underappreciation of the social sciences contrasts oddly with whatmany see as their overutilization. Game theory is pressed into service instudies of shifting international alliances. Evaluation research is called uponto demonstrate successes or failures of social programs. Models from economicsand demography become the definitive tools for examining the financial base ofsocial security. Yet this rush into practical applications is itself quiteunderstandable: public policy must continually be made, and policymakersrightly feel that even tentative findings and untested theories are betterguides to decision-making than no findings and no theories at all. 第一段： 1：提出本文的主题句TS，同时也是第一段的论点TW： The socialsciences are less likely.. to get credit. 2: 论据a: 论述为什么lesslikely to get credit. 原因就是especially accessible. 3:论据a’： 继续论述为什么less likely toget credit，第二个原因就是， absorbed into conventional wisdom和 …lose distinctiveness… 第二段： 1: 提出本文第二个论点KW： Thisunderappreciation..contrasts oddly with … overutilization. 2-4：都是论据，举例说明KW。 5：提出文本第三个论点KW,同时也是对第二个论点的评价（评价一般我都看着是一个论点），’this rush ’逻辑对应overutilization. 作者的对这种overutilization的态度就是 understandable. 这句后冒号后面的内容就相当于论据，简单论述了第三个论点。 总结： 本文为评述型文章。没有主题句。第一段首句提出全文的主题句，然后整篇都围绕social sciences are less likely to get credit 展开讨论。
D 17. Theauthor is primarily concerned with（主题题） (A) advocating a more modest view, and lesswidespread utilization, of the social sciences（以点概面，而且关于utilization这部分并没有涉及到比较） (B) analyzing the mechanisms fortranslating discoveries into applications in the social sciences（以点概面，文中只是在第一段最后一句稍微点了一下） (C) dissolving the air of paradox inherentin human beings studying themselves（以点概面） (D) explaining a peculiar dilemma that thesocial sciences are in（结合一二段的论点可知道有两个dilemma:less likely to get credit和contrast oddly withoverutilization） (E) maintaining a strict separation betweenpure and applied social science(本文没涉及到) B 18. Whichof the following is a social science discipline that the author mentions asbeing possibly overutilized?（细节题） (A) Conventional theories of social change (B) Game theory（对照第二段细节即可选出） (C) Decision-making theory (D) Economic theories of internationalalliances (E) Systems analysis A 19. Itcan be inferred from the passage that, when speaking of the “overutilization” (line 11)of the social sciences, the author is referring to the（推断题） (A) premature practical application ofsocial science advances（由第二段第五句开始的’this rush’可以推出premature） (B) habitual reliance on the socialsciences even where common sense would serve equally well (C) practice of bringing a greater varietyof social science disciplines to bear on a problem than the nature of theproblem warrants (D) use of social science constructs bypeople who do not fully understand them (E) tendency on the part of socialscientists to recast everyday truths in social science jargon E 20. Theauthor confronts the claim that the social sciences are being overutilizedwith(推断题) (A) proof that overextensions of socialscience results are self-correcting (B) evidence that some public policy ismade without any recourse to social science findings or theories (C) a long list of social scienceapplications that are perfectly appropriate and extremely fruitful (D) the argument that overutilization is byand large the exception rather than the rule (E) the observation that this practicerepresents the lesser of two evils under existing circumstances（由第二段最后一句话可知..better..than..nofindings..）
6. Ina recent study, David Cressy In a recent study, David Cressy examines two central questionsconcerning English immigration to New England in the 1630’s: what kinds ofpeople immigrated and why? Using contemporary literary evidence, shippinglists, and customs records, Cressy finds that most adult immigrants wereskilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized in families.Each of these characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 people who leftfor New England in the 1630’s from most of the approximately 377,000 Englishpeople who had immigrating to America by 1700. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy does not deny thefrequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most notablythe organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, buthe finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect.When he moves beyond the principal actors, he finds that religious explanationswere less frequently offered and he concludes that most people immigratedbecause they were recruited by promises of material improvement.
第一段： 1句：TS 提出本文主题句。’twocentral questions: who and why’ 2句：提出论点kw1, ’ immigrantswere skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized infamilies’解决who的问题。 3句：a 论据(说明性语句)。‘…distinguishesthe 21,000 people who left in the 1630’s from most of the377,000 English people who left at1700.’同样解决的是who的问题。 第二段： 1句：提出老观点（religious）的否定评价aw- 。 ‘such explanationsusually assumed primacy（首位） only in retrospect’such explanation=religious explanations. 2句：论点kw2, ‘most people… wererecruited by … material improvement.’解决why 的问题。 总结： 本文为问题解决型文章，需要解决的问题就是who and why, 其中在第二个观点提出的时候，之前先否定了一个老观点（religious explanation）整体结构：TW-KW1-AW-KW2
A 24. Inthe passage, the author is primarily concerned with (A) summarizingthe findings of an investigation （文中多处提到Cressy finds that…） (B) analyzing a method of argument (C) evaluating a point of view (D) hypothesizing about a set ofcircumstances (E) establishing categories B 25. Accordingto the passage, Cressy would agree with which of the following statements aboutthe organizers among the English immigrants to New England in the 1630’s? I. Mostof them were clergy.(由第一段第二句可知大部分是literate) II. Someof them offered a religious explanation for their immigration.(由第二段第一句可知) III. Theydid not offer any reasons for their immigration until some time after they hadimmigrated.（没有提到这个前后顺序的问题） IV. Theywere more likely than the average immigrant to be motivated bymaterialconsiderations.（在material considerations没有讲到average 和非average之间的区别） (A) I only (B) II only (C) II and III only (D) I, III, and IV only (E) II, III, and IV only D 26. Accordingto the passage, Cressy has made which of the following claims about whatmotivated English immigrants to go to New England in the 1630’s? (A) They were motivated by religiousconsiderations alone. （主要应该是material） (B) They were motivated by economicconsiderations alone. （most是matertial，说明也有不是因为material原因的，alone 错） (C) They were motivated by religious andeconomic considerations equally.（很明显不是equal的） (D) They were motivated more often byeconomic than by religious considerations.（见第二段最后一句） (E) They were motivated more often byreligious than by economic considerations. （说反了） E 27. Thepassage suggests that the majority of those English people who had immigratedto America by the late seventeenth century were (A) clergy (B) young children (C) organized in families (D) skilled in crafts (E) illiterate(结合第一段第一句mostwere literate, 和第二句 distinguish …in the 1630’s from…by 1700)
7. The1960’s witnessed two profound The 1960’s witnessed two profound social movements: the civil rightsmovement and the movement protesting the war in Vietnam. Although theyoverlapped in time, they were largely distinct. For a brief moment in 1967, however,it appeared that the two movements might unite under the leadership of MartinLuther King, Jr. King’s role in the antiwar movement appears to require littleexplanation, since he was the foremost advocate of nonviolence of his time. ButKing’s stance on the Vietnam War cannot be explained in terms of pacifismalone. After all, he was something of a latecomer to the antiwar movement, eventhough by 1965 he was convinced that the role of the United States in the warwas indefensible. Why then the two years that passed before he translated hisprivate misgivings into public dissent? Perhaps he believed that he could notcriticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civilrights that he had won from the federal government. 第一段： 1：提出全文的主题词也就是论题TW: twosocial movements(分别是civil rights和antiwar.) 2: 提出本文第一个论点 KW’: they are distinct. 3:提出本文的主题句TS或论点KW： twomovements might unite. 第二段： 1：为论据a1: king’s role inantiwar requires little explanation. 2 : 子论点kw: king’s stance can’t beexplained by pacifism alone. 3: 子论点的论据a: heis a late comer in antiwar. 4: 过渡句。 5：子论点论据b: 说明king 无法协调supporfor civil rights 和 antiwar, 本段1-3句都是在说king在antiwar方面的情况，最后一句才把antiwar和civil rights 联系起来，呼应了第一段最后论点KW,阐明这两点如何在king身上united。v 总结： 本文为论点说明型文章。第一段介绍背景提出论点，第二段具体论述两个运动（civil rights\ antiwar）如何united. E 17. Accordingto the passage, the delay referred to in lines 12-15 is perhaps attributable towhich of the following?(推断题) (A) King’s ambivalence concerning the roleof the United States in the war in Vietnam (B) King’s attempts to consolidate supportfor his leadership within the civil rights movement (C) King’s desire to keep the leadership ofthe civil rights movement distinct from that of the antiwar movement (D) King’s desire to draw support for thecivil rights movement from the leadership of the antiwar movement (E) King’s reluctance tojeopardize federal support for the civil rights movement（其实全文最后二句话就是回答这个问题的，最后一句讲述了king在两者之间的矛盾，这矛盾也就是导致two years’ delay 的原因） D 18. Theauthor supports the claim that “King’s stance on the Vietnam War cannot be explained in terms of pacifismalone” (lines 10-12) by implying which of the following?（细节题） (A) There is little evidence that King wasever a student of pacifist doctrine. (B) King, despite pacifist sympathies, wasnot convinced that the policy of the federal government in Vietnam was wrong. (C) King’s belief in nonviolence wasformulated in terms of domestic policy rather than in terms of internationalissues. (D) Had King’s actions been basedon pacifism alone, he would have joined the antiwar movement earlier than heactually did. （由第二段的第2、3句可得出，第2句指出不能单靠和平主义解释，第3句指出，他毕竟晚了两年才参加反战，暗指如果仅仅是因为和平主义的话，他从一开始就应该参加反战。） (E) Opponents of United States foreignpolicy within the federal government convinced King of their need for support. E 19. Whichof the following can be inferred from the passage about the movement opposingthe war in Vietnam?（推断题） (A) It preceded the civil rights movement.（没讲到先后顺序） (B) It began in 1965.（提到1965不是指运动的开始时间） (C) It was supported by many who otherwiseopposed public dissent.（没提到） (D) It drew support from most civil rightsleaders.（没提到） (E) It was well underway by 1967.（由第一段最后一句可得出） A 20. Whichof the following best describes the passage?（主题题） (A) It discusses an apparent inconsistencyand suggests a reason for it. (B) It outlines a sequence of historicalevents.（没有讲历史事件发生的先后顺序） (C) It shows why a commonly held view isinaccurate.（没有说哪个观点不对） (D) It evaluates an explanation and finallyaccepts that explanation.（无稽之谈） (E) It contrasts two views of an issue.（讲到关于两个事件的两种看法，但不存在比较）
8.National character is not formally Nationalcharacter is not formally considered by social scientists in discussingeconomic and social development today. They believe that people differ and thatthese differences should be taken into account somehow, but they have as yetdiscovered no way to include such variables in their formal models of economicand social development. The difficulty lies in the nature of the data thatsupposedly define different national characters. Anthropologists and others areon much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for asmall homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable taskof discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation-state composedof many disparate groups. The situation is further complicated by the nature ofjudgments about character, since such judgments are overly dependent onimpressions and since, furthermore, impressions are usually stated inqualitative terms, it is impossible to make a reliable comparison between thenational characters of two countries. 1： 提出全文的主题词TW: 整篇文章围绕‘Nationalcharacter’展开讨论。 2：TW的说明性内容a: ‘differencesshould be taken …but no way to …’ 3: 论点一KW1：第一个困难是‘natureof the data’。 4： 论据a . 5:论点二KW2和论据b: 第二个困难是‘thenature of judgments’.论据是the judgments are dependent on impressions ,impressions are statedin qualitative terms which makes it is impossible to make a reliablecomparison. 总结： 本文为现象解释型。第一句提出现象，第二句做详细说明，第三句提出一个原因，第四句提出论据，第五句提出另一个原因并作出说明。 C 17. Theauthor’s main point in the passage is that national character（主旨题） (A) is too elusive to merit attention byanthropologists and other social scientists（已经引起anthropologists的重视） (B) is of greater interest to socialscientists today than it has been in the past（没有时间上的对比） (C) is still too difficult to describe withthe precision required by many social scientists（全文最后一句话‘it isimpossible to make a reliable comparison’） (D) has become increasingly irrelevantbecause of the complexity of modern life（并没有提到） (E) can be described more accurately byanthropologists than by other social scientists（没有提到这种比较） D 18. Giventhe information in the passage, which of the following is NOT true of modernnation-states?（细节题） (A) They are complex. (B) They are heterogeneous.（与homogeneoustribe成对比） (C) They are of interest to socialscientists. (D) They lack cultural norms.（由第4句话可以得出） (E) They differ from one another in termsof national character.（由‘disparate groups ’得出） B 19. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the social scientists mentioned in lines1-7 would agree with which of the following statements? I. Itis extremely difficult to create models that account for both economic andsocial development.（我个人认为这是对的，但答案显示错） II. Modelsof economic and social development would be improved by the inclusion ofadequate descriptions of national character.（由‘differences shouldbe taken into account somehow’得出） III. Itis important to supplement formal models of economic and social developmentwith qualitative impressions of national character.（没提到） (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and III only (E) II and III only A 20. Whichof the following best describes the organization of the passage? (A) A problem is presented and reasons forits existence are supplied. (B) A controversial view is presented andevidence for its validity is supplied.（哪里来的controversial） (C) A hypothesis is presented and possiblemeans of verifying it are suggested.（哪里有hypothesis） (D) A recent development is described andthen analyzed.(这个问题不是recent 才出现的) (E) A dispute is summarized and one sidedefended.（没有争论，从头到尾都是作者一人的观点） 9.Comparing designs in music with(读不懂，求解。。。。) Comparingdesigns in music with visual designs raises interesting questions. We arefamiliar with the easy transfers of terms denoting qualities from one field toanother. The basic problem can be put this way: can music sound the way adesign looks? The elements of music are not the same as those of painting. Theymay be analogous, but to be analogous is not to be identical. Is it possible,then, for the same broad characteristics to emerge from different perceptualconditions? Twofacts about the relation between broad characteristics of a work and theirperceptual conditions must be kept distinct. First, the global characteristicsof a visual or auditory complex are determined by the discernible parts andtheir relationships. Thus, any notable change in the parts or theirrelationships produces a change in some of the global characteristics. Second,a change in the parts or their relationships may leave other globalcharacteristics unchanged. 24. Inthe first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with establishing thefact that (A) comparisons are not equations (B) auditory phenomena are not visualphenomena (C) frequently used comparisons are usuallyinaccurate (D) careless perceptions result fromcareless thought (E) questions concerning perception arepsychological 25. Inthe passage, the author is primarily concerned with (A) distinguishing mutually exclusivecategories (B) clarifying an apparent contradiction (C) supporting new ideas (D) analyzing a problem (E) comparing opinions 26. Thesecond paragraph is primarily concerned with establishing the idea that (A) different global characteristics of awork result from the same discernible parts (B) the parts of a work of art influencethe total perception of the work (C) visual and auditory characteristics canbe combined (D) changes in the parts of a work remainisolated from the work as a whole (E) the visual complexes in a work of artinfluence the work’s auditory complexes 27. Whichof the following statements is most likely be a continuation of the passage? (A) The search for broad similarities thusbegins by understanding and distinguishing these two facts. (B) The search for musical-visual analogiesthus depends on the complexity of the works being compared. (C) The search for music and art of thehighest quality thus depends on very different assumptions. (D) Thus music and painting exist inmutually exclusive worlds. (E) Thus music and painting are toocomplicated to be evaluated in terms of analogies. 10.From the 1900’s through the 1950’s Fromthe 1900’s through the 1950’s waitresses in the United States developed a formof unionism based on the unions’ defining the skills that their occupationincluded and enforcing standards for the performance of those skills. This“occupational unionism” differed substantially from the “worksite unionism” prevalent amongfactory workers. Rather than unionizing the workforces of particular employers,waitress locals sought to control their occupation throughout a city.Occupational unionism operated through union hiring halls, which provided freeplacement services to employers who agreed to hire their personnel only throughthe union. Hiring halls offered union waitresses collective employmentsecurity, not individual job security—a basic protection offered by worksiteunions. That is, when a waitress lost her job, the local did not intervene withher employer but placed her elsewhere; and when jobs were scarce, the workhours available were distributed fairly among all members rather than beingassigned according to seniority. 1：提出全文的TW：unionism 2 ：说明性内容a  ccupational unionism differed from theworksite unionism 3: a’ : 如何differ, ‘unionizingthe workforces of particular employers’对应worksite unionism；‘worksiteunionism‘对应occupational unionism。 4： 说明性内容b 1:讲述occupationalunionism如何运作。 5：b2。 6：b2’ 总结： 我不是很清楚这个文章属于什么类型。。。 反正应该就是一个说明文，没有论点，只有第一句提出话题，然后后面几句就展开介绍。 E 17. Theprimary purpose of the passage is to（主题题） (A) analyze a current trend in relation tothe past (B) discuss a particular solution to alongstanding problem (C) analyze changes in the way that certainstandards have been enforced (D) apply a generalization to an unusualsituation (E) describe an approach by contrasting itwith another approach（对比两种不同的unionism） D 18. Whichof the following statements best summarizes a distinction mentioned in thepassage between waitress unions and factory workers’ unions?（细节题） (A) Waitress unions were more successfulthan factory workers’ unions in that they were able to unionize whole cities.(没有说谁更成功) (B) Waitress unions had an impact on onlycertain local areas, whereas the impact of factory workers’ unions wasnational.（没有谈到impact） (C) Waitress union members held primarilypart-time positions, whereas factory workers’ unions placed theirmembers in full-time jobs.(没有谈到part-time 或者 full-time) (D) Waitress unions emphasized theoccupation of workers, whereas factory workers’ unions emphasizedthe worksite at which workers were employed.(就是第3句的意思) (E) Waitress unions defined the skills oftheir trade, whereas the skills of factory trades were determined by employers’ groups.（前半句争取，后半句没有提到） B 19. Accordingto the passage, which of the following was characteristic of the form of unionthat United States waitresses developed in the first half of the twentiethcentury?（细节题） (A) The union represented a wide variety ofrestaurant and hotel service occupations. (B) The union defined the skills requiredof waitresses and disciplined its members to meet certain standards.（由第1句得出） (C) The union billed employers for itsmembers’ work and distributed the earnings among all members. (D) The union negotiated the enforcement ofoccupational standards with each employer whose workforce joined the union. (E) The union ensured that a worker couldnot be laid off arbitrarily by an employer. C 20. Theauthor of the passage mentions “particular employers” (line 8) primarily in order to（作用题） (A) suggest that occupational unions foundsome employers difficult to satisfy (B) indicate that the occupational unionsserved some employers but not others (C) emphasize the unique focus ofoccupational unionism（由第2、3句话的关系可知，整个第3句话都是来说明两种unionism的不同。） (D) accentuate the hostility of someemployers toward occupational unionism (E) point out a weakness of worksiteunionism 11.Although scientists observe that Althoughscientists observe that an organism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, theydisagree about how these patterns are affected when the organism is transportedto a new environment. One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticutwaters to Illinois waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened theirshells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteendays their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although shecould not posit an unequivocal causal relationship between behavior andenvironmental change, Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one ofseveral possible exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on theoysters’ rhythms. Another experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered thathamsters from California maintain their original rhythms even at the SouthPole. He concluded that endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seemto affect an organism’s rhythmic behavior. 1：提出全文的论点kw，此论点不是作者的论点，而是科学家的论点：they disagree about how these patterns are affected by a newenvironment. 2-3: 论据a1\a2: theirrhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. 受到新环境影响。 4：论据a3: 分析原因，环境变化是产生变化的外因之一。 5：论据b1: however 表示与上一个案例相反的观察，但此句并没有具体讲哪里不同，看下句。 6：论据b2:总结原因，是内因在起作用。（上个案例在讲外因的作用） 总结： 本文为论点说明型，观点为科学家的，不是作者自己的。随后2-4句举例作为论据，讲述外因对植物的影响。5句讲另一个例子，讲内因对植物的影响。一个内因一个外因，正好对应论点‘they disagree about how these patterns are affected by a newenvironment.’ A 17. Allof the following could be considered examples of exogenous influences on anorganism EXCEPT the influence of the（简单的不用说，找非外因的造成的变化） (A) level of a hormone on a field mouse’sreadiness for mating (B) temperature of a region on a bear’shibernation (C) salt level of a river on a fish’smigration (D) humidity of an area on a cat’s sheddingof its fur (E) proximity of an owl on a lizard’ssearching for food B 18. Whichof the following statements best describes the conclusion drawn by Brown (lines14-17)（推断题） (A) A change in tide schedule is theprimary influence on an oyster’s rhythms.（没有讲重要性primary） (B) A change in tide schedule may be animportant exogenous influence on an oyster’s rhythms.(文中并没有讲到important,但确实讲到了exogenous会有影响，而且这里用的是maybe 也是可以接受的) (C) Exogenous influences, such as a changein tide schedule, seldom affect an oyster’s rhythms.（说反了） (D) Endogenous influences have no effect onan oyster’s rhythms.（Brown的例子没讲到Endogenous的作用） (E) Endogenous influences are the onlyinfluences on an oyster’s rhythms.（同上） C 19. Thepassage suggests that Brown’s study was similar to Hamner’s in which of the followingways?（太简单，拒绝分析） I. Bothexperimenters discovered that a new environment had a significant effect on anorganism’s behavior rhythms. II. Bothexperimenters observed an organism’s behavioral rhythms after the organism hadbeen transported to a new environment. III. Bothexperimenters knew an organism’s rhythmic patterns in its original environment. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III C 20. Whichof the following, if true, would most weaken Brown’s conclusion?（推断题） (A) The oyster gradually closed theirshells after high tide in Illinois had passed. (B) The oysters’ behavioral rhythmsmaintained their adaptation to the tide schedule in Illinois throughout thirtydays of observation. (C) Sixteen days after they were moved toIllinois, the oysters opened their shells widest when it was high tide inConnecticut.（Brown’s conclusion的内容是外因是原因之一，要消弱就找两种情况，一个外因是唯一原因，或者，外因不是原因，这个选项就说明16天之后，oysters虽然在Illinois但规律还在和在Connecticut一样，外部环境变化没造成影响，外因没起到作用） (D) A scientist who brought Marylandoysters to Maine found that the oysters opened their shells widest when it washigh tide in Maine. (E) In an experiment similar to Brown’s, ascientist was able to establish a clear causal relationship betweenenvironmental change and behavioral rhythms.
12.Visual recognition involves Visualrecognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity,triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain’s memory system thatconstitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object isencountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and therebyrecognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is aparallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of theGestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallelprocedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in asingle operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internalrepresentation features are matched serially with an object’s features.Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, itsinternal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition processcorrespondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serialhypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. 1句：提出全文TW：visualrecognition. 2句：说明性内容a: 讲述基本原理 3句：说明性内容b: 举范例 4句：提出论点kw: ‘whetherrecognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial’. 5句: 论据a: Gestaltschool 的观点认为整个过程是同时进行的，’a parallel procedure’. 6句：另一派观点：整个过程是按步骤依次发生的，’matched serially’。 7句：提出作者的观点：作者更倾向于整个过程按步骤发生,’ the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis’. 总结： 本文为问题解决型。开篇第一句，首先判断该句类型为事实陈述，提出了全文的论题：visual recognition；第二句，也在讲述一个事实，进一步介绍visual recognition具体发生的机制，与第一句关系并非转折，也没有提出新的观点或者论点，这句可看成与上一句为总分关系；第三句，举了个范例，与第二句未并列关系，无转折，也无新观点。第四句由controversy可以看出，该句提出了一个问题，该问题也可看成论点，即，整个认知的过程是同时一步完成还是按顺序发生的；更加确定该文章为问题解决型，同时预测后文将对该问题提出不同的解释，因为如果只有一个解释，那么对于学术论文来说，在论证效力上就会显的很弱；第五句，提出了一派的观点，与上一句为总分关系；第六句，提出另一派观点，与上一句成并列关系，都与论点成总分关系；第七句，作者提出自己的观点。 D 17. Theauthor is primarily concerned with（主题题） (A) explaining how the brain receivesimages (B) synthesizing hypotheses of visualrecognition (C) examining the evidence supporting theserial recognition hypothesis (D) discussing visual recognition and somehypotheses proposed to explain it（先提出一个现象，然后指出存在的问题，随后又提出不同的解释。） (E) reporting on recent experiments dealingwith memory systems and their relationship to neural activity D 18. Accordingto the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositionsabout visual recognition?（细节题：由Gestalt psychologists迅速回原位定位，归纳出Gestalt psychologists的观点就是，认知过程一步完成，对应第三条，然后再仔细看原文第五句，发现另一个细节‘objects are recognized as wholes’，对应第二条，意思是认知对象是被整体认知的。） I. Aretinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation. II. Anobject is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into componentparts. III. Thematching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step. (A) II only (B) III only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III B 19. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visualrecognition is（推断题） (A) not a neural activity(第二句就讲到了neuralactivity) (B) not possible when an object is viewed forthe very first time（由最后一句话‘the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, atleast for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.’可知：当第一次看到一个物体的时候，显然不会familiar,所以整个过程是serial.） (C) not possible if a feature of a familiarobject is changed in some way（原文没有谈到当对象的特点变化的时候会发生什么。） (D) only possible when a retinal image isreceived in the brain as a unitary whole（首先，出现only的选项一般都错，第二，原文说到了 as a whole 或者serially都是可能的，只不过作者更偏向于serial.） (E) now fully understood as a combinationof the serial and parallel processes(由最后一句话‘the weight ofevidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that arenot notably simple and familiar.’当中的seems to 和 at least,可以看出作者并不是非常肯定。) C 20. Interms of its tone and form, the passage can best be characterized as(态度题) (A) a biased exposition (B) a speculative study (C) a dispassionate presentation（作者论述了两个观点，同时没有展现出过激或者坚定倾向性的观点，属于中立客观的态度。） (D) an indignant denial (E) a dogmatic explanation
13.A mysterious phenomenon is the Amysterious phenomenon is the ability of over-water migrants to travel oncourse. Birds, bees, and other species can keep track of time without anysensory cues from the outside world, and such “biological clocks” clearlycontribute to their “compass sense.” For example, they can use the position ofthe Sun or stars, along with the time of day, to find north. But compass sensealone cannot explain how birds navigate the ocean: after a flock traveling eastis blown far south by a storm, it will assume the proper northeasterly courseto compensate. Perhaps, some scientists thought, migrants determine theirgeographic position on Earth by celestial navigation, almost as humannavigators use stars and planets, but this would demand of the animals afantastic map sense. Researchers now know that some species have a magneticsense, which might allow migrants to determine their geographic location bydetecting variations in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field. 1句： 提出全文的主题词TW。 2句：提出论点1 , kw1 :分析原因是因为这些动物有“compasssense.” 3句：论据a :举例来支持上面的kw1 . 4句：提出对kw1的否定评价aw-，即“compasssense”无法解释‘how birds navigate the ocean’ 5句：提出观点2（论点2）kw2 :celestial navigation；但是在第5句后的后半部分，作者又提出了否定评价aw-: ‘a fantastic map sense’，fantastic 有极好的，好到不切实际的，意思，所以，这里作者对动物用意‘a fantastic map sense’表示怀疑； 6句： 提出全文第3个观点（论点3）kw3: 最终原因是magneticsense。 总结： 本文为现象解释型文章。看到首句，首先判断首句在陈述一个现象，并不是主题句ts，也没有提出论点kw, 而仅仅是提出本文论述的一个对象、一个事实；第二句，前半段看到没有出现转折，只是根据第一句话的现象，提出具体的例子，后半句总结出现这种现象的原因，即提出全文第一个论点kw1，compass sense；第三句提出论据；第四句，针对观点1，提出疑问；第五句，提出另一种理论来解释，即celestial navigation，但是后半句又给予了否定；第六句，给出本文第3种解释，magnetic sense。 B 17. Themain idea of the passage is that（主题题） (A) migration over land requires a simplerexplanation than migration over water does（全文没有涉及到这方面的比较） (B) the means by which animals migrate overwater are complex and only partly understood（由第一句可知全文讨论的是over-watermigrants，第二，全面没有一个定论的观点，前面的观点都被否定，最后一个观点也是magnetic sense might allow migrants to determine their geographiclocation，注意此处的‘might’） (C) the ability of migrant animals to keeptrack of time is related to their magnetic sense(空穴来风，不同观点的内容被硬加在一起。) (D) knowledge of geographic location isessential to migrants with little or no compass sense（全文没有涉及到migrantswith little or no compass sense的讨论，更没有谈到geographic location的重要性） (E) explanations of how animals migratetend to replace, rather than build on, one another（这一条的正确性我拿不准，但可定的是这不是本文的main idea） A 18. Itcan be inferred from the passage that if the flock of birds described in line 4were navigating by compass sense alone, they would, after the storm, fly (A) east(由第四句可知，本来朝东飞，由题干知调整飞行的依据只有compass,因此，被吹离以后，只会依然朝东飞。) (B) north (C) northwest (D) south (E) southeast B 19.In maintaining that migrating animalswould need “a fantastic map sense” (line 17) to determine their geographicposition by celestial navigation, the author intends to express (A) admiration for the ability of themigrants (B) skepticism about celestial navigationas an explanation（fantastic有不切实际的意思，所以应该是贬义） (C) certainly that the phenomenon ofmigration will remain mysterious (D) interest in a new method of accountingfor over-water migration (E) surprise that animals apparentlynavigate in much the same way that human beings do A 20.Of the following descriptions ofmigrating animals, which most strongly suggests that the animals are dependingon magnetic cues to orient themselves? (A) Pigeons can properly readjust theircourse even when flying long distances through exceedingly dense fogs.（既然在浓雾当中，那么所有的可视参照物都起不了作用，只有磁场可以发挥作用） (B) Bison are able to reach theirdestination by passing through a landscape that has been partially altered by arecent fire. (C) Elephants are able to find grounds thatsome members of the herd have never seen before. (D) Swallows are able to return to a givenspot at the same time every year. (E) Monarch butterflies coming fromdifferent parts of North America are able to arrive at the same location eachwinter.
14.Mycorrhizal fungi infect more Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi and arenecessary for many plants to thrive, but they have escaped widespreadinvestigation until recently for two reasons. First, the symbiotic associationis so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even whendensely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absenceof a living root. Despite these difficulties, there has been important new workthat suggests that this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve moreeconomical use of costly superphosphate fertilizer and to permit betterexploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate. Mycorrhizal benefits arenot limited to improved phosphate uptake in host plants. In legumes,mycorrhizal inoculation has increased nitrogen fixation beyond levels achievedby adding phosphate fertilizer alone. Certain symbiotic associations alsoincrease the host plant’s resistance to harmful root fungi. Whether thisresistance results from exclusion of harmful fungi through competition forsites, from metabolic change involving antibiotic production, or from increasedvigor is undetermined. 1句：提出全文的主题TW（Mycorrhizalfungi）和第一个观点KW1（two reasons）. 2句：论据a: 很难察觉，show nodamage. 3句：论据b: 难以培育， cannotbe cultivated. 4句：提出本文第二个论点KW2：thissymbiotic association can be harnessed， 其中this symbioticassociation与Mycorrhizal fungi infect是同意替换。 5句：提出本文第三个论点KW3： Mycorrhizalbenefits are not limited to improved phosphate uptake。 6句：KW3的论据a:increase nitrogen,对应Mycorrhizal benefits。 7句：KW3的论据 b:increase the resistance to harmful fungi。 8句：结论句，CS , 对导致上一句所表述的现象发生的原因表示不确定。 总结： 本文为说明文，首先判断首句的前半句为判断句，说明Mycorrhizal fungi的重要性，此处可以看做全文的TS，首句后半句提出全文第一个论点，说Mycorrhizal fungi一直未被发现是出于2个原因。第二句提出论据，说明原因一；第三句，提出论据，说明原因二。第四句，提出新观点，提出一项新研究，说明Mycorrhizal fungi的重要性。第五句，提出新观点，继续说明Mycorrhizal fungi 的重要性；第六句，论据。第七句，论据。第八句，总结句，表示上一句现象发生的原因并不确定。 B17. Which of the following mostaccurately describes the passage?（主题题） (A) A description of a replicableexperiment（重点讲的不是一个实验） (B) A summary report of new findings (C) A recommendation for abandoning a difficultarea of research(全文没有建议放弃) (D) A refutation of an earlier hypothesis（没有否定什么） (E) A confirmation of earlier research（首句讲了Mycorrhizalfungi最近才被发现，进入研究范围，所以不存在earlier reasearch） E 18.The level of information in thepassage above is suited to the needs of all of the following people EXCEPT: (A) a researcher whose job is to identifypotentially profitable areas for research and product development (B) a state official whose positionrequires her to alert farmers about possible innovations in farming (C) an official of a research foundationwho identifies research projects for potential funding (D) a biologist attempting to keep up withscientific developments in an area outside of his immediate area ofspecialization (E) a botanist conducting experiments to determinethe relationship between degree of mycorrhizal infection and expected uptake ofphosphate(没有提到<貌似废话。。。>) D 19.It can be inferred from the passagethat which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to whichresearch on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed? (A) Lack of funding for such research (B) Lack of immediate application of suchresearch (C) Lack of a method for identifyingmycorrhizal fungi (D) Difficulties surrounding laboratoryproduction of specimens for study（由第三句得出） (E) Difficulties ensuing from the high costand scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers A 20.The passage suggests which of thefollowing about the increased resistance to harmful root fungi that some plantsinfected with mycorrhizal fungi seem to exhibit? (A) There are at least three hypothesesthat might account for the increase.（由最后一句话得出） (B) An explanation lies in the fact thatmycorrhizal fungi increase more rapidly in number than harmful root fungi do.（没有提到谁更快） (C) The plants that show increasedresistance also exhibit improved nitrogen fixation.（resistance 和 fixation都有提到，但之间有什么关系并没有讲到） (D) Such increases may be independent ofmycorrhizal infection.（没有提到这个可能性） (E) It is unlikely that a satisfactoryexplanation can be found to account for the increase。（文章没有表达出这个态度）
15.Currently, the paramount problem Currently, the paramount problem in the field of biomaterials, the scienceof replacing diseased tissue with human-made implants, is control over theinterface, or surface, between implanted biomaterials and living tissues. Thephysical properties of most tissues can be matched by careful selection of rawmaterials: metals, ceramics, or several varieties of polymer materials. Eventhe requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic tohost tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions oftissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. But achievingnecessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living andnon-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding ofcells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. Althoughrecent research has allowed us to stabilize the tissue-biomaterial interface bycontrolling either the chemical reactions or the microstructure of thebiomaterial, our fundamental understanding of how implant devices adhere totissues remains woefully incomplete. 1句：首先判断首句提出了一个问题，可推断为问题解决型文章，该问题为全文的TW。 2句：说明性内容a:讲述现在已经解决的问题。 3句：继续说明性内容b:讲述已经解决的问题。注意：2、3句为引出真正文章主题（现在面对的最重要的问题），之前的让步成分，可预计后面会有转折。 4句：出现转折，提出与首句对应的部分，即现在面对的问题。这句可看作论点句KW。 5句：前半部分出现让步，后面转账重现上句意思，该句可看做KW’，与上句表达的意思一致。 总结： 本文为现象解释型。首先判断首句类型为陈述句，讲述了一个问题，可看做全文的TW，此处可预计下面将具体讲述该问题，通常预计将会提出如何解决这个问题，当然另一种可能是展开介绍现存的问题，但不提出解决办法，但是，可以看到第2、3句并没有讲述什么还没解决的问题，而是介绍已经解决的问题，因此这两句可看做让步成分，预计后面将出现真正现在存在的问题，第4句就提出了这个问题，第五句，承接上一句，与上句是看做并列关系，前半句依然让步，后半句转折重现论点。 A 17.According to the passage, the majorproblem currently facing scientists in the field of biomaterials is(主题题) (A) assessing and regulating the bondingbetween host tissue and implants（该选项对的很含蓄，并没有直接呈现文章中讲到的control over the interface或者molecules controlthe bonding of cells或者how implant devices adhere to tissues，但可以总结出主要问题就是interface，bonding,就是移植器官和受体本身接触面有关的问题，这个选项中的regulating the bonding间接的表达了这个意思，属于鸡阿姨考试中最常用的手段，同意替代！！下流无耻，绕着圈子说废话！） (B) controlling the transfer of potentiallytoxic materials across the interface of tissue and implant (C) discovering new materials from which toconstruct implant devices (D) deciding in what situations implantsare needed (E) determining the importance ofshort-term implants to long-term stability of tissue-implant interfaces C 18.The passage suggests which of the followingabout the recent research mentioned in lines 19-25?（推断题，由recentresearch 定位到最后一句） (A) It has solved one set of problems buthas created another.（这个问题是本来就存在的） (B) It has concentrated on secondaryconcerns but has ignored primary concerns.（没有提到ignore） (C) It has improved practical applicationsof biomaterial technology without providing a complete theoretical explanationof that improvement.（第5句为让步转折结构，前部分讲述研究带来的帮助，后半句讲对于基本的原理并不完全清楚） (D) It has thoroughly investigatedproperties of biomaterials but has paid little attention to relevantcharacteristics of human tissue.（没有讲到little attention） (E) It has provided considerableinformation on short-term implant technology but little on long-term implanttechnology.(没有讲到longterm\shortterm的区别) B 19.The author’s primarypurpose is to（主旨题，由上面的总结可知，本文提出了现在的问题，也提到了最近研究已经解决的问题，带来的好处，所以本文应该是一篇态度中立的讨论某项研究的文章） (A) answer a theoretical question in thefield of biomaterials (B) discuss the current state of technologyin the field of biomaterials (C) resolve a research dispute in the fieldof biomaterial (D) predict an ethical crisis forbiomaterials researchers (E) suggest some practical benefits ofbiomaterial implants
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发表于 2014-7-2 14:18:27
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