prep08 笔记 sc188题 （og12 sc21） 欲哭无泪抓破头皮

891758149

现在分词在句尾用逗号隔开，必须要注意的一点是这个结构从来都没有失去过“做定语”的功能，
只是优先做状语而已，即优先修饰到前面主句的主语和谓语。如下题如果前面主句的谓语是完成时
态，那么既然已经完成了，drawing就无法再做其的伴随，所以只剩下做定语的功能。
例：OG12-21  
Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain
and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the
human brain grows and how babies acquire language.
(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the
brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are
(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the
brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

D.  由于v-ing短语无法伴随修饰现在完成时，伴随动作与伴随结果均不对


78.Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles Islands.

94.The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting fear among some officials that safety is being compromised.

为什么78 94 都是用完成时 而后面ving可以表伴随结果，前面now drawing就不可以呢，只能作定语修饰adulthoold.？是因为有now直接冲突了吗，也不对a。

谢谢

bejamin1111

能把这几题og的解释贴上来么

891758149

ok

78Fossils of the arm of a sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991 and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles Islands.

(A) sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of
(B) sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has been dated at 34 million years old, thus making it the earliest mammal known on
(C) sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, making this the earliest known mammal of
(D) sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on(E) sloth which, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, made the sloth the earliest known mammal of

解释：Agreement; Logical predication
The subject of the sentence is the plural fossils, not sloth, and therefore requires a plural verb. It therefore does not have a singular antecedent. To clarify the identification of the oldest known mammal, the noun the sloth must be explicitly identified.
A    Because sloth is the object of a preposition and not the subject of the sentence, there is no reasonable antecedent for the pronoun it; in this construction, the subject of made is fossils, but it makes no sense to say that the fossils made it the earliest known mammal.
B    The introduction of the mysterious they, a pronoun without a reference, adds confusion to this sentence; the singular verb does not agree with the plural subject.
C    The relative clause that was ... is wordy and awkward; the singular verb does not agree with the plural subject.
D    Correct. The plural verb agrees with its plural subject, and the sloth is explicitly identified as the earliest known mammal.E    The singular verb does not agree with the plural subject.

891758149

94
The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control system, to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts fears among some officials that safety is being compromised.

(A) to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts
(B) leading to 55 percent more delay at airports and prompting
(C) to lead to a 55 percent increase in delay at airports and prompt
(D) to lead to an increase of 55 percent in delays at airports, and prompted
(E) leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting
解释：
Parallelism; Diction
The intent of the sentence is to show two effects of the surge in flights. These effects should be stated in parallel ways, instead of the construction to lead... and prompts ... used in the original sentence. Using participial phrases introduced by leading and prompting solves this problem. The phrase 55 percent more delays is not as clear as the phrase a 55 percent increase in delays.
A    To lead and prompts are not parallel; 55 percent more delays is not clear.
B    55percent more delay is unclear.
C     To lead and prompt are not parallel; the meaning of 55percent increase in delay is not clear.
D    Participial phrase introduced by leading is preferable to the unclear infinitive phrase to lead to; an increase of 55 percent in delays is awkward and wordy.
E    Correct. Leading and prompting are parallel in this sentence; the phrase a 55 percent increase in delays is clear and concise.

M猫Fishoo

我也不明白这个
21题OG解释是分词跟主句完成时的时态问题
但是到底是怎么个时态问题?

enkyklios

做任务--

SherlockedJohn

哇= =又见大坑！求大神解惑！！！刚搞好Neuroscientists这道的V-ing就见这个问题，真是情何以堪啊！

SherlockedJohn

(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,
从我收集的解释来看，D选项主要有3个错误：
1.伴随状语作为修饰主句的状态或结果，用进行时显然和完成时不符合。（v-ing短语无法伴随修饰现在完成时，伴随动作与伴随结果均不对）A的having是修饰主语的，是局部的概念，句子谓语是现在进行时。这两个是不同的。
2.神经学家过去20年的知识积累和如今得出结论之间没有必然因果关系，除了知识积累肯定还有别的因素导致科学家得出结论，所以用句末V-ing表结果状语行不通。
3.now和V-ing连用错。
如果按LZ给出例子，那么说明第一点不是绝对错误。但是第2、3点还是比较有说服力的，具体可以看下面的解析：
◆关于这题为什么不能解释为immediate consequence（强大！）：
That’s not an "immediate consequence" -- when we say "immediate consequence, we mean a consequence that is proximate, immediate, and produced as an essentially unavoidable result of the main action.
For instance:
The bullet entered Smith's brain, killing him instantly --> this is an immediate and automatic consequence; if the bullet does this, then smith will be killed.
John scored 90 on the most recent test, raising his overall average by two points --> again, an immediate and automatic consequence; if john gets this score, there will automatically be the stated consequence for his average.
In the problem at hand, drawing new conclusions is not an automatic and essentially unavoidable consequence of amassing the knowledge in question; the researchers must actively go beyond just amassing the knowledge to draw those conclusions.
●关于D、E选项更加进一步的解释：
When you use the word “now”, there is usually some sort of transition or difference indicated between the past and the present. In a sentence that is meant to highlight that sort of difference, it's extremely unlikely that you're going to be able to convey an action that is simultaneous with, or is a direct and inevitable result of, the first action -- that would seem to be self-contradictory. Therefore, I think it's unlikely that you're going to see "comma + now + VERBing" a as a legitimate modifier.

所以说我觉得吧....可能不是说完成时后面就不能用V-ing伴随，而是看如果完成时和V-ing有必然联系，那么V-ing就可以做结果状语伴随......个人见解。

SherlockedJohn

顺便谁来回答下我的抓破头皮问题= =冷冷清清凄凄惨惨戚戚啊！！！！
http://forum.chasedream.com/foru ... ;extra=#pid18973645

SherlockedJohn

恩原来prep语法笔记里已经很详细说明这一点了：
***Notice：
但是务必注意，OG对D选项的解释并不是说“现在分词做状语不可以伴随修饰完成时态”，而是指drawing不是have amassed的直接结果，所以无法drawing无法做have amassed的伴随结果（现在分词做伴随起到伴随动作和伴随结果两种功能，前者表示与主句动作同时发生，后者需要是主句动作的直接结果。当被修饰主句已经是完成时态，那么后面的现在分词本身就不可能再与主句动作发生在同一时刻，所以无法以 “伴随动作”的身份出现，只可能行使“伴随结果”的功能）。再如下题就很好地说明了现在分词可以伴随修饰完成时态，行使伴随结果的功能：
OG12-94 The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation’s air-traffic control system, to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts fears among some officials that safety is being compromised.
(A) to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts
(B) leading to 55 percent more delay at airports and prompting
(C) to lead to a 55 percent increase in delay at airports and prompt
(D) to lead to an increase of 55 percent in delays at airports, and prompted
(E) leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting
解析：Parallelism; Diction
The intent of the sentence is to show two effects of the surge in flights. These effects should be stated in parallel ways, instead of the construction to lead … and prompts … used in the original sentence. Using participial phrases introduced by leading and prompting solves this problem. The phrase 55 percent more delays is not as clear as the phrase a 55 percent increase in delays.
A. To lead and prompts are not parallel; 55 percent more delays is not clear.
B. 55 percent more delay is unclear.
C. To lead and prompt are not parallel; the meaning of 55 percent increase in delay is not clear.
D. Participial phrase introduced by leading is preferable to the unclear infinitive phrase to lead to; an increase of 55 percent in delays is awkward and wordy.
E. Correct. Leading and prompting are parallel in this sentence; the phrase a 55 percent increase in delays is clear and concise.


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但是我表示不能理解这部分解释：

现在分词在句尾用逗号隔开，必须要注意的一点是这个结构从来都没有失去过“做定语”的功能，只是优先做状语而已，即优先修饰到前面主句的主语和谓语。如OG对本题的解释里：

OG对D选项(代入原句：Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.)的解释: The final descriptor in present tense, now drawing conclusions....does not fit the opening clause, which is in present-prefect tense(have amassed a wealth)and seems to modify adulthood. OG在这个解释里说明了drawing是可能修饰到adulthood的。

如果句末V-ing有逗号还可以修饰主语或它临近的名词，那V-ing题到底怎么才可能搞到没歧义？！！！难道意思是当不能做伴随动作，也不能做结果状语的时候，才能考虑做定语？那就是说做定语前面有逗号也行咯？