关于阅读中的另外一种结构：比较相同点和不同点???

cathycathyhan

我看了lawyer的帖子，他说阅读主要分新老观点对比型和现象解释型两种性质的文章，可是我看了93年10月第四篇阅读和03年6月第一篇阅读，我发现他们好像不是这两中套路中的一个，而是像06年后出的新题型比较阅读的一种，不同的是06年后的比较阅读是两篇文章进行比较，而93年10月的和03年6月的是整个文章比较两种事物的相同点和不同点，这个有所区别，但是和新老观点对比也有区别，因为一般新观点是驳斥老观点的，也和现象解释型有所区别。
93年的那篇：
1st paragraph: There was a difference between the significance that the English and English colonists
gave their political vocabulary in the 17th and 18th century.
2nd paragraph: Similarities between English and colonial political institutions.
3rd paragraph: However, there was a difference between England and the colonies: England was moving
towards granting absolute power to parliament.
4th paragraph: Differences in interpretation between the two groups stems from interpretation of the term
“constitution”. In the colonies, the constitution was viewed as a document which explicitly defines
governmental power. In England, the term was used to refer to the body of law and legal custom that had
been evolving since the nation was founded - the “constitution” therefore was something that evolved
over time rather than a firmly defined document.
Main point: In spite of the fact that they shared a common political vocabulary, the English and the
colonies had different interpretations of that vocabulary, and a different understanding of their political
institutions in general.

03年的那篇：
1st paragraph: introduce traditional viewpoint concerning mulipolar systems and provide exmaple.
2nd paragraph:  describe traditional viewpoint regarding bipolar systems, and provide examples of such systems.
3rd paragraph: shift from traditional viewpoint to author's viewpoint, suggest that multipolar systems may bring instability in the modern era.
4th paragraph: continue the auther's viewpoint；suggest that multipolar systems may have helped lead to both World Wars, while the bipolar Cold War may have caused roughly fifty years of peace enjoyed at the end of the twentieth century.

cathycathyhan

问一下，阅读中的套路共有几种，我觉得除了新老观点对比型，其他的如现象解释型或者别的套路都好像不是特别对路？不知道你们有没有这样的感觉。

cathycathyhan

这个是我看到Gmat阅读的套路，一共四种：
1. 新旧观点对照型. 段首有usually，Many…believe…或traditionally或It’s frequently/universally accepted/assumed that等出现在句首是新旧观点对照型的标志。“过去的、传统的、过去没有争议的”是旧观点； 新观点是文章的主题句（topic sentence）所在，主题句就是主题思想所在（长文章必考主题思想）。新旧观点之间强对比或取非（加入否定词not不对，如难取非不是容易而是不难），两者必须是就同一事物给出不同的解释。
2. 现象解释型. 标准的现象解释型； 设问回答型：在文章的首段或二段的前两句中出现设问句，有设问就有回答。阅读重点是作者态度，因为解释不止一个，首先看看作者喜欢哪一个解释，喜欢的哪个才值得读。作者给出正评价的解释是TS所在，很有可能作者对各种解释和回答都不满意，然而自己不知说什么。
3. 结论解释型. 判断标志：文章的首句为判断句，而且二句和二段首句没有转折这个判断，这时文章的首句就是文章的TS，该文章就是结论解释型的。判断句式[=系动词（is，are，have，has，remain）+adj./n.作表语]构成判断句，首句话含有作者态度或评价的也属于判断句（GRE的一大特色）。
4. 问题解决型. 如果文章首段出现如problem/task/difficult/puzzle这样的词，后面一定有solution解决办法，阅读重点依然是作者态度。这类文章的难度或常见问题需要记住给出的problem, task, difficult, puzzle。
两遍法.第一遍必须读出focus，文章中作者在论述focus做了什么工作文章的套路结构作者的态度是正评价还是负评价，用“ ”表示。 第一遍不需读的是文章的细节，第二遍找题回到文章中去。 三遍法.在两遍法之前加一个预览，即便对长文章而言，也是在1分钟以内，只完成一项工作，仔细读一下第一段，如果还有时间，把第二段首句读一下，如果还有时间，读一下每段的首句。

cathycathyhan

首段或第二段首句分析法：
1、有无判断句+无转折-结论解释型，观点在首段。
2、有老观点+强转折-新老观点型，观点为新观点或者新观点+部分老观点。
3、有无表示风险或者难度的词汇problem/difficult/puzzle/task/risk等+有或者无强转折-问题解决型，观点在于作者赞成的哪个解决方案，有时候作者什么方案也不同意。
4、有无描述一种现象，或者一对矛盾的事物，比如出台一个印度安人土地相关的法案，第二段一般会交代出台这个法案的原因，那这种就是现象解释型。作者赞成这个现象背后的原因或者质疑、反对这个现象背后的原因。

现象解释型和结论解释型的区别：现象解释型文中有多个方法或者观点，重点在于作者倾向于哪个，现象解释型往往后面阐述这种现状产生或者存在的原因。结论解释型只有一个结论，比如我上面疑惑的93年的那篇：
1st paragraph: There was a difference between the significance that the English and English colonists
gave their political vocabulary in the 17th and 18th century.
2nd paragraph: Similarities between English and colonial political institutions.
3rd paragraph: However, there was a difference between England and the colonies: England was moving
towards granting absolute power to parliament.
4th paragraph: Differences in interpretation between the two groups stems from interpretation of the term
“constitution”. In the colonies, the constitution was viewed as a document which explicitly defines
governmental power. In England, the term was used to refer to the body of law and legal custom that had
been evolving since the nation was founded - the “constitution” therefore was something that evolved
over time rather than a firmly defined document.
Main point: In spite of the fact that they shared a common political vocabulary, the English and the
colonies had different interpretations of that vocabulary, and a different understanding of their political
institutions in general

cathycathyhan

这是我看到Gmat阅读的方法，但是我发现对于LSAT阅读也同样适用，而且我觉得很有道理。


　　1.首段、二段首句以首段和二段首句为阅读重点，争取在其中找到文章的focus，和organization，至少可以进行预测：



　　1、是否是一个现象？

　　2、是否是一个问题？具体：是否是不够好？或干脆不好？

　　3、看首段有无旧观点(通常以负评价引出)：许多人认为/过去的/传统的观点

　　4、文章的首句是否会有作者的态度和评价？

　　如有正评价，则基本上是结论解释型
      二句是否转折？如果二句转折，则必是文章的focus(主题的转换只会有一次)
      二段首句是否有转折？如果二段首句转折，则是文章的TS2.

　　二段开始各段的处理

　　1、长文章在读完首句之后，看各句有无转折，至少最后一篇文章可以这样处理

　　2、段内的任何细节内容都可以放弃：例子、类比、比喻、数据、名称， 把任何的理论/观点都分解为三个层次：内容(可以忽略)/人物/作者态度(重点，注意让步语气)

　　3.末段的处理只有二种可能，1、延伸；2、让步：如有转折，则态度题中回收影响

　　4.读完文章之后，大致回顾(30s)：focus，大致架构，作者态度或以最快的速度扫读每段首句

cathycathyhan

有谁做过2001年10月的考试题目，其中阅读第三篇，它的main idea在第二段末尾，我还是第一次遇到，感觉上面总结的都用不上。就是讲biological history, physics和biology的关系的。