关于现在分词的修饰问题，纠结，谢谢～

sassyangel913

以这两题为例吧1.A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, including establishing limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.
这里including前面有逗号，所以它修饰remedies，可以修饰主句的。。。？？？
2.Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.
这题中的现在分词前面没有逗号，所以就必须就近修饰名词laws，不可以是别的。 如果这里换成 that require可行否

对于这点我实在纠结，
还有就是“，现在分词”的用法：  1.表示前句对后事的影响     2. 表示两个动作同时发生
对于单纯现在分词的修饰，它与定语从句的区别就是经常性的和一次性的吗？
请牛人指教～谢谢啦

sybanana

ding

jbc88

第一个应该是分词表示伴随。

第二个是法律，规定等得使用ing，不可以用从句。这样表示反复性。就如LZ所说的经常性的和一次性。