OG61题和32题分词问题

lainemai

61.While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and the regulatory environment of the states obviously determines the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal.
(A)all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and the regulatory environment of the states obviously determines
(B)each state faces a similar industrial waste problem, their predominant industries and regulatory environment obviously determine
(C)all states face a similar industrial waste problem； their predominating industries and regulatory environment obviously determines
(D)each state faces similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determines
(E)all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine

这道题的C选项的的分词是被认作sentence fragment

32.Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through thewater asa person standing on land.

(A)water as a
(B)water as to a
(C)water; just as it would to a
(D)water, as it would to the
(E)water; just as to the
这里的C选项也是被认为是fragment，我想请教一下，semicolon在什么情况下被认为是有fragment的，什么情况下又可以被认作是正常的？