【SVO, V-ing】V-ing作非限定性后置定语修饰逗号前的宾语这个用法怎么解释？

SherlockedJohn

快考试了还在纠结V-ing真是………55555555555555555求牛牛们救火啊！！！！！！实在是越搞越混乱！问题很长表述可能很啰嗦，求别嫌弃~~~
我的主要问题用黄色高亮标出了。
期待大家的回答~~~~~

▲Prep1-97
Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.
(A) while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having
(B) while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have
(C) while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time, which have
(D) but introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that have
(E) but at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having

答案B
看到几个牛牛都说：“A选项可以排除的理由可以因为having gone可以做后置定语修饰pollutants, 也可能做伴随状语。由于前面的整件事情导致了后面的伴随状语，也是翻译的通的。有歧义。”

请教一下牛牛们，

以下引用V-ing用法总结帖：

【SVO,V-ing】结构中，V-ing的作用大体分为两种，充当名词修饰语和充当句子的状语。充当名词修饰语时，修饰主句主语，主语谓语为Be，V-ing的逻辑主语是句子主语；充当句子状语时，又可以分为两种情况：a句子的结果状语：充当结果状语时，V-ing没有单纯的逻辑主语，可以理解为其逻辑主语是前面的主语以及发生的动作，也就是说，造成结果的原因不是单一的一个名词或动作，而是一个事实（主谓结构来展现），即主句主谓描述的内容；b句子的伴随状语：充当伴随状语时，V-ing有明确的逻辑主语，且逻辑主语必须是主句的主语（主句的谓语不能是表示状态的Be），V-ing的动作是在主句动作发生的过程内发生的（并不是V-ing的动作就是和主句谓语动词真的同时发生，并不一定是“一边…一边…”的意思，除此之外，V-ing还可以表示对主句动作的详细说明，比如，主句动作说的是一个概括的过程，而V-ing会解释这个过程中具体的动作都是什么。）

那么，为什么“,having”可能做pollutants的后置定语？having前面有逗号啊！而且V-ing用法总结中从没看到过V-ing可能修饰宾语啊，不都是说修饰主语或者主语发出的动作或者整个主句吗？？这道题的pollutants是宾语吧？？后置定语不是应该紧跟修饰词不加逗号么？如果V-ing做名词后置定语前面可以有逗号，那和【SVO,V-ing】的用法不是冲突了吗？

“V-ing是否句末作定语，是看前面有没有逗号。99%的情况，前面有逗号时V-ing都是做状语的，但前面没有逗号的V-ing大多是做定语的。”难道不对嘛？（先不论having done不能做后置定语的问题，因为见过不止一次“，V-ing”修饰前面的动词宾语，而且前面牛牛给出的理由主要是focus在having可能修饰pollutants的歧义上。）
【补充一个例子】OG13-25

25. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,
OG解释中有now drawing似乎错误修饰adulthood。
可为什么Ving可能修饰adulthood而不是较远的主语N？
某位牛牛的OG12SC笔记中有标注D选项seems to modify adulthood的解释是错的（OG的解释有误），可是真不知道该相信谁，这个问题已经纠结死我了......

▲我可以理解下面2个题的解释，但和上面这道不同类型吧：

133. In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
(A) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
(B) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
(C) most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
(D) mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle
(E) mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling
答案C

主语是astronomers，谓语是have detected，宾语是planets，后跟比较结构插入语，现在分词circling作后置定语修饰planets。

这道题V-ing做后置定语和上一道题的区别在于：

“most of them…”就是个插入语，左右两个逗号也是完全属于它的。
结构就是 SVO, non-essential modifier, V-ing。

V-ing看起来像是句尾逗号隔开的，但其实是没有逗号分隔的，紧邻被修饰名词，做其后置定语的。

113.Analysts blamed May’s sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, colder and wetter than was usual in some regions, which slowed sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture.

(A) colder and wetter than was usual in some regions, which slowed

(B) which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing

(C) since it was colder and wetter than usually in some regions, which slowed

(D) being colder and wetter than usually in some regions, slowing

(E) having been colder and wetter than was usual in some regions and slowed   

答案B                                

●在主系表结构中，V-ing只能修饰主语的主句，这句话which was...从句可以当做主系表结构来看，然后slowing就是修饰的which, 而which 又是指代的weather, 所以slowing 就修饰的是 weather。

●引Ron大神的话说

",V-ing" modifier modifies the preceding clause and applies to the subject within that clause.

注意是preceding clause，而不是main clause。

这里，preceding clause是：

"which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions"，其中"which" 指代"the weather"。

In this sentence, the use of ",V-ing " is appropriate, because the ",V-ing " conveys a causal relationship:

The sale was slowed because the weather was colder and wetter. In other words, the weather slowed the sales.

再看一下另一位童鞋提出的问题，简直道出了我的心声，但是没人解答啊郁闷！

▲最近也在弄这个分词在句尾，前面有逗号的情况。

是不是可以这么说，若句子谓语不是be动词，那么分词在不做结果、伴随状语的情况下，只能做非限定性后置定语修饰宾语。

另外，我还有个问题，OG12的第一题，

The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook, by whom they were named supposedly because its sheer wet rocks glistened like glass.

其中的C: naming them supposedly since their

OG解释说，因为是介词宾语，所以不能用naming作后置定语修饰前面的名词，那如果是动词宾语呢，是否可以？

楼主最后举的那个例子恰好是有插入语的情况，所以去掉插入语，circling作的应该是限定性后置定语。不知有没有人发现，不是插入语的情况，现在分词在句尾可以作动词宾语的非限定性后置定语。

（这位童鞋说的这种V-ing作动宾的非限定性后置定语的例子就用我第一道题pollutants那个好了。）

以下是那篇V-ing用法总结帖的楼主回答这位童鞋的问题：

●如果谓语动词不是BE，几乎都能将V-ing归为伴随或结果的某一种吧。但是，语法上讲是可以的，PREP笔记上貌似也说过V-ing从来没有失去过做后置定语的功能。只是如果做非限定的修饰语，我见到的，都是在句中的，而且修饰的是主语。

还是重复一遍，句尾逗号隔开的V-ing做宾语的非限定性修饰语时很尴尬awkward。

但我觉得没有说服力呢…..貌似见过很多次排除“逗号+V-ing”就是因为它有修饰歧义，既可能修饰句子主语也可能修饰逗号前面的宾语……可是为毛啊这是！为毛“逗号+V-ing”可以修饰它相邻的宾语啊！

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顺便再问两个其他的问题，也是别的童鞋提的问：

1.▲关于逗号的使用究竟有没有将就，帮忙看看这个句子：

Scientists believe that unlike the males of most species of moth, the male whistling moths of Nambung, Australia, call female moths to them by the use of acoustical signals, but not olfactory ones, and they attract their mates during the day, rather than at night.

A.by the use of acoustical signals, but not olfactory ones, and they attract

B.by the use of acoustical signals instead of using olfactory ones, and attracting

C.by using acoustical signals, not using olfactory ones, and by attracting

D.using acoustical signals, rather than olfactory ones, and attract

E.using acoustical signals, but not olfactory ones, and attracting
答案D

这里using应该表示伴随状语，但没有用逗号，那用逗号的话可以不呢？

2．▲今天刷到0G13 104题又看到了夹心修饰，想问一下

104. Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.

(A) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives,

(B) In her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, Beatrix Potter

(C) In her book illustrations, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter

(D) Carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations

(E) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinated them with her narratives and

A选项的其中一个错误：carefully coordinating没有清楚地修饰主语，可能不合逻辑地修饰离它最近的名词book illustrations。

请问这个解释是为毛……….为毛coordinating可以修饰book illustrations？

Emliy19

刚才看到一个解答，刚好可以用到你的几个题目中去，那就是V-ING的逻辑主语等于句子主语，但我们忽略了一个点，那就是从句，尤其是省略that的从句，你可以试着把那些省去THAT地方加上去，就清晰很多了。这只是我的见解，你可以试试。

ukyo2003

反正我看到，ving首先把它考虑成状语

sophiafly123

语法SC-29bmih

Unlike crested wheatgrass, an alien species from Siberia that forms only shallow roots and produces tall above-ground shoots, native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very tall.
Anative North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very  分析A选项
Bnative North American grasses develop an extensive root system, which allows for their greater enrichment of the soil, but without growing to be that  分析B选项
Cthe root system of native North American grasses is extensive, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but they do not grow to be very  分析C选项
Dthe root system of native North American grasses is more extensive, allowing for the greater enrichment of the soil, but these grasses do not grow to be very  分析D选项
Ethe extensiveness of the root system of native North American grasses allows for their greater enrichment of the soil, but they do not grow to be that  分析E选项


同求解，答案选a，难道a的allowing不会造成是修饰主语的歧义吗？？

sunyuwei

Satanilles 发表于 2014-8-10 16:11
哈哈哈，好无助。那
优先作状语应该怎么理解，从未失去作定语的功能。那不是只要其中一种说的通句子就对了 ...

一般就是考虑做状语的 OG里只有一个例子是作定语的

Satanilles

哈哈哈，好无助。那
优先作状语应该怎么理解，从未失去作定语的功能。那不是只要其中一种说的通句子就对了吗？

Satanilles

哈哈哈，好无助。那
优先作状语应该怎么理解，从未失去作定语的功能。那不是只要其中一种说的通句子就对了吗？

SherlockedJohn

难道意思是当不能做伴随动作，也不能做结果状语的时候，才能考虑做定语？那就是说做定语前面有逗号也行咯？

SherlockedJohn

好吧，看到prep语法笔记中这样解释：

3) 现在分词在句尾用逗号隔开，必须要注意的一点是这个结构从来都没有失去过“做定语”的功能，只是优先做状语而已，即优先修饰到前面主句的主语和谓语。如OG对本题的解释里：

OG对D选项(代入原句：Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.)的解释: The final descriptor in present tense, now drawing conclusions....does not fit the opening clause, which is in present-prefect tense(have amassed a wealth)and seems to modify adulthood. OG在这个解释里说明了drawing是可能修饰到adulthood的。

可是这样一来不就所有的V-ing都可以歧义了么= =呵呵呵呵呵

哎...........................

SherlockedJohn

无奈又绝望的楼主飘过~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~