OG13 SC10 请教NN们~

yiqing2012

The widely accepted big bang theory holds that the
universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty
billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
(A)    that the universe began in an explosive instant
ten to twenty billion years ago and has been
expanding
(B)    that the universe had begun in an explosive
instant ten to twenty billion years ago and had
been expanding
(C)    that the beginning of the universe was an
explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago
that has expanded

(D)    the beginning of the universe to have been an
explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago
that is expanding
(E)    the universe to have begun in an explosive
instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has
been expanding

（在老帖里问可是一直没人回答，所以被迫重新开新帖）
对于OG上的解释：D选项中最后的that is expanding 指代的是the beginning of the universe，C选项上的that has expanded指代的是instant为何不同，superbat大牛的解释是：

应该说是一个句子结构层级的问题。

C: that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago that has expanded

其中，the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant 是一个【主系表】结构，是句子主干。然后that的话，修饰就指向了这个结构中的近邻名词，instant。


D: the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago that is expanding

D中the beginning of the universe 【to have been an explosive instant..】这个【】中的内容，是the beginning of the universe的一个修饰语，that引导的从句也是一个修饰语。所以，在这道题里，可以认为其实【to have....】和【that从句】都起着同样的作用，所以修饰的对象应该相同。故是the beginning of the universe


我理解上面所说的句子结构的问题，但是我还是有疑问：这里that为什么不修饰universe呢？我看了一下OG中的其它句子（因为that的例子没有找到，所以我找了which的，如果这两者中在这里的用法会有什么不同的话，希望NN们能指出来~O(∩_∩)O谢谢）：
1.In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on construction and decoration of the temples in which they were enshrined.
2、Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles.

我之前还看过一篇帖子，http://forum.chasedream.com/archiver/GMAT_SC/thread-441459-1.html，上面说A of B,wihch结构和其他A+介词+B,which不太一样，A of B,wihch结构中which就近指代B，而非核心词A。

那么这道题中，the beginning of universe that is expanding中为什么OG答案上要解释说是指beginning,而不是像其它句子里一样就近指代universe呢？而且在两者都make sense的情况下，不是应该遵循就近指代的原则会比较好吗？

DUKB24

nope

your understanding is not right


to have begun should be parallel to have expanded


moreover, I did not understand what you are trying to ask here


can you make it more simple

DUKB24

嗯

to have been


系动词


其实两个都一样


beginning= instant

yiqing2012

whenever you look at that or which

just think about what noun they are intended to modify （make sure logically and grammatically correct）


you ability to discern such structure will be boosted greatly


just be more patient for your improvement in SC


such improvement might be late ，but will never absent

-- by 会员 DUKB24 (2012/10/23 15:15:25)

您好，我和楼主有一样的问题，我明白您的意思是说看到thatwhich时先想他们应该指代的是什么，要符合逻辑和结构的，但是拿这道题的D来说，我知道that应该指代universe，然后觉得D的意思就是指代universe呢，但实际上OG认为它指代的是beginning，拿我不就是错了么？还是得弄明白怎么找指代，然后才能判断逻辑对不对吧？

-- by 会员 sbyangyi (2012/11/21 14:15:58)

the beginning of universe是一个整体。。。


不能拆。。在这句话的句意下

-- by 会员 DUKB24 (2012/11/21 15:39:25)

可是好多句子A of B结构的后面that不都是就近修饰B的么？

-- by 会员 sbyangyi (2012/11/26 14:14:00)

D大牛太忙了~ 我帮忙回答一下吧~ 如果D牛不是这个想法，再指正~~
that如果就近修饰的话，也应该是instant,而这里instant就是指beginning of universe；另外，一般A of B就近修饰B时最好是直接跟在B后吧~ 相隔那么远的that,而A又是这个结构的中心词，所以更偏于修饰A才对(如果有谁有例子反驳欢迎拍砖)~ 所以无论要怎么理解，在这个句子中，that都应该修饰instant或beginning~

sbyangyi

比如这个题的D选项

16. Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August,
intensifying expectations that personal spending in
the Julv-September quarter more than doubled that
of the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending
for the previous quarter.
(D) of personal spending in the July-September
quarter more than doubling that of

里面的that应该指代什么？应该是personal spending吧？

sbyangyi

whenever you look at that or which

just think about what noun they are intended to modify （make sure logically and grammatically correct）


you ability to discern such structure will be boosted greatly


just be more patient for your improvement in SC


such improvement might be late ，but will never absent

-- by 会员 DUKB24 (2012/10/23 15:15:25)

您好，我和楼主有一样的问题，我明白您的意思是说看到thatwhich时先想他们应该指代的是什么，要符合逻辑和结构的，但是拿这道题的D来说，我知道that应该指代universe，然后觉得D的意思就是指代universe呢，但实际上OG认为它指代的是beginning，拿我不就是错了么？还是得弄明白怎么找指代，然后才能判断逻辑对不对吧？

-- by 会员 sbyangyi (2012/11/21 14:15:58)

the beginning of universe是一个整体。。。


不能拆。。在这句话的句意下

-- by 会员 DUKB24 (2012/11/21 15:39:25)

可是好多句子A of B结构的后面that不都是就近修饰B的么？

DUKB24

whenever you look at that or which

just think about what noun they are intended to modify （make sure logically and grammatically correct）


you ability to discern such structure will be boosted greatly


just be more patient for your improvement in SC


such improvement might be late ，but will never absent

-- by 会员 DUKB24 (2012/10/23 15:15:25)

您好，我和楼主有一样的问题，我明白您的意思是说看到thatwhich时先想他们应该指代的是什么，要符合逻辑和结构的，但是拿这道题的D来说，我知道that应该指代universe，然后觉得D的意思就是指代universe呢，但实际上OG认为它指代的是beginning，拿我不就是错了么？还是得弄明白怎么找指代，然后才能判断逻辑对不对吧？

-- by 会员 sbyangyi (2012/11/21 14:15:58)

the beginning of universe是一个整体。。。


不能拆。。在这句话的句意下

sbyangyi

whenever you look at that or which

just think about what noun they are intended to modify （make sure logically and grammatically correct）


you ability to discern such structure will be boosted greatly


just be more patient for your improvement in SC


such improvement might be late ，but will never absent

-- by 会员 DUKB24 (2012/10/23 15:15:25)

您好，我和楼主有一样的问题，我明白您的意思是说看到thatwhich时先想他们应该指代的是什么，要符合逻辑和结构的，但是拿这道题的D来说，我知道that应该指代universe，然后觉得D的意思就是指代universe呢，但实际上OG认为它指代的是beginning，拿我不就是错了么？还是得弄明白怎么找指代，然后才能判断逻辑对不对吧？

DUKB24

whenever you look at that or which

just think about what noun they are intended to modify （make sure logically and grammatically correct）


you ability to discern such structure will be boosted greatly


just be more patient for your improvement in SC


such improvement might be late ，but will never absent

yiqing2012

之前回复着打了很多很多字，打着打着居然突然明白了PREP中说的到底是什么意思了。。。。
这里不应该像bat那样划分结构，that就是应该就近指代instant才对（另外that/which从句到底能不能跳跃to do来修饰这个问题,我还没有弄明白。。。，但是这里应该是不可以吧。。。），但是因为that前面的beginning be an instant是主系表结构，所以begginning就是instant，这样C和D选项的解释就没什么矛盾了。。。。

而就A of B that/，which的结构而言，我个人的感觉是无论是which还是that应该都有就近修饰的倾向，但不绝对，可以跳跃修饰中心词，所以在A of B that/，which的结构中，that和which应该修饰A或者修饰B都可以，这个不应该作为考点才对。

不知道这样理解对不对，请指正！

-- by 会员 yiqing2012 (2012/10/23 8:38:48)

it seems fine to me


also, it seems harsh for me if I do not reply your question ( so many thoughts here)


you just use the context to determine A of B


this rule applies to all the question


there is no hard and fast rule


it will be a hopeless attempt to draw an overall conclusion


you can use grammatical and logical rule to determine what that is intended to modify


if you cannot, the sentence is poorly written

-- by 会员 DUKB24 (2012/10/23 9:40:46)

thks~ 我看了很多帖子和句子之后也感觉到没有必要去区分that到底一定会指代哪一个，一般用逻辑判断是对的就可以了。。。

但是我纠结的问题是像bat那样划分句子结构之后，得出that is expanding和to have been an explosive instant一起修饰the beginning of universe是否正确。不知道DUKB你怎么看？

我看了OG12中所有的that和which引导的定语从句，应该还没有可以跳跃像to have been an explosive instant那么长的含动词和名词的结构来修饰前面n.的句子，毕竟这里的that is expanding修饰instant是make sense的，所以是不是应该像prep所说的一样，that is expanding修饰instant会更合理点？

-- by 会员 yiqing2012 (2012/10/23 13:17:40)

sorry~~因为比较笨，所以才想通你的最后一句话的内涵~~~ 谢谢你每次的耐心解答~~~O(∩_∩)O~

yiqing2012

D不是主系表结构，或者说to do后面这样用也可以？

-- by 会员 slr257 (2012/10/23 11:13:06)

D中其实还是 beginning be(to have been) an instant,之所以提到主系表结构是为了说明beginning=instant,虽然这里是to do,但是还是beginning 是instant 。
当然这只是我自己的理解，不知道对不对。。。