至此题外话已完,以下是我的总结: With结构一共只有两种: 1. with + n. 构成介宾短语 2. with +宾语+宾补 构成with复合结构,即常说的(with + n. + v-ed/ v-ing/ 介宾/ 形容词/ 副词) 注意:在此帖中,其不仅可作独立主格充当状语,此结构其实也可充当定语。
With结构的用法一共也只有两种:做定语修饰前面紧邻名词,或做状语修饰前面整个主句。
在这里,首先要说明一点的是,with结构同所有介宾结构一样,都存在一个摆放位置的问题:即如果一个介宾结构至于主谓宾结构的末尾,会出现不知道介宾结构是做定语还是做状语的可能,从而产生修饰歧义。举例如下: The boy looked at the soldier on the bus. 此处on the bus不知是修饰look这个动作做状语,抑或是修饰soldier做定语,故错。更改可如下: 1. 状语:On the bus, the boy looked at the soldier. (我不知,如果改成The boy looked at the soldier, on the bus.这样是否还有修饰歧义,但我知道把状语提到句首并用逗号隔开一定没歧义。)
2. 定语:The boy looked at the soldier who was on the bus. / The boy looked at the soldier riding the bus. (之所以这么改是因为在此链接中 http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-80567-2-1.html,11楼前辈说到:“如果是作修饰宾语的定语, 好像一般采用分词短语或从句, 很少有独立的介词短语在句末的”,但准确性有待检验。)
此外,若用介宾结构修饰主语,不论是限定性修饰还是非限定性修饰,其都应出现在谓语之前,以消灭接宾结构做状语的可能。(不确定是否完全正确,但貌似是对的。) 1. 限定性修饰: The boy on the bus looked at the soldier. 2. 非限定性修饰:The boy, on the bus, looked at the soldier.
那具体到with的结构: 第一点,不论是简单的with介宾短语,还是with的复合结构,都可跟在名词身后做定语,且可以是限定性修饰,也可是非限定性修饰。 简单with介宾短语做定语举例: OG10 Q141 B选项:identical twins with the same genetic endowment (OG解释中明确说,这里with是限定性修饰twins) OG10 Q152 B选项:it might kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against it OG 10 Q114:From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar (此处with跳跃修饰a canoe,且是非限定修饰)
With复合结构做定语举例: OG10 Q102 B选项:Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it (这里staging的逻辑发出者是composer,故无问题。这个with结构修饰performance) OG10 Q229 D选项:likening it to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it(此处,lipstick是被put在statue上,故过去分词put也无异议。整个with结构修饰Greek statue) She soon arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom.
需要再次强调的是,如果with结构本应做定语修饰主句宾语,却至于句末,会有歧义。如OG10 Q212 E选项: The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve he efficiency of its distribution system. 逻辑上,with the aim… 应修饰policy,但在此其有座状语修饰全句的可能,使得The Baldrick Manufacturing Company成为with的主语。
简单with介宾结构充当状语: 大全里的一个句子:Bihar is India’s poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than that of the most impoverished countries of the world. (with结构是前一个主系表结构的状语。)
With复合结构充当状语:此时,with复合结构就是独立主格形式。但因其构造【with +宾语+宾补 构成with复合结构,即常说的(with + n. + v-ed/ v-ing/ 介宾/ 形容词/ 副词)】中包含名词(宾语),故只要名词指示清晰,则with独立主格结构并不需要与主句主语逻辑一致。 OG 12 Q29:The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and exciting enormous interest whenever they were put on show. (with后面的句子充当第一个句子的状语,对主句给出补充,individual bulls and cows是其逻辑主语)
PREP:Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline. (arms and legs从逻辑意义上讲一定指代monkeys,此处with运用无问题)
对with复合结构,其本身就是一个独立主格形式。但与独立主格不同的地方即在于,with复合结构可以去充当名词的后置定语,而独立主格结构只能充当句子的状语。 比如我们可以说:He came in the classroom, with his head held down. = He came in the classroom, his head held down. 但对于She soon arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom. 这个with结构,不可能改成独立主格形式。