求助关于0G12 verbal---20的主语问题

stellapass

20 Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, is going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this spring.
A the collateral against which farmers borrow to get though the harvest season, is
B which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, is
C the collateral which is borrowed against by farmers to get through the harvest season,is
D which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get though the harvest season, are
E the collateral against which farmers borrow to get though the harvest sason, are
答案选E，解释说values为本句的主语，我原来做题的时候认为Delining nalues for farm equipment and land是句子的主语。请大家帮忙回答一下为什么values是句子主语，怎样区分这样情况下句子的主语是名词而非动名词短语啊？

stellapass

哈哈~确实是manhattan的例子。弗拉多你讲的好明白的~我理解啦，谢谢~~： ）

弗拉多

Great questions

楼主举的例子来自于曼哈顿？？嘿嘿我也看到了

是这样的，Decline是不及物动词，因此Declining Values中的Decline只能作adj，而having good friends中，have就可以是动词了

类似的例子还有
Rising inventories are......
不用is的原因也是rising无法用作动词，因为rise不及物，不能直接加名词：）

stellapass

不好意思，我还是有点不太明白。比如说这句话，Having good friends is a wonderful thing.主语就是having good firends吧，我觉得本题的主语与我举得例子是相类似的。不能说价值会使借贷人缩减推迟贷款，而是这整件事推迟缩减贷款的。虽说其它成分是修饰values的~~

弗拉多

见下面的解释