Unlike the original National Museum of Science and Technology in Italy, where the models are encased in glass or operated only by staff members, the Virtual Leonardo Project, an online version of the museum, encourages visitors to "touch" each exhibit, which thereby activates the animated functions of the piece.
Unlike the original National Museum of Science and Technology in Italy, where the models are encased in glass or operated only by staff members, the Virtual Leonardo Project, an online version of the museum, encourages visitors to “touch” each exhibit, which thereby activates the animated functions of the piece.
to make an electrical system or chemical process start working [≠ deactivate]: Cooking fumes may activate the alarm. The yeast's growth is activated by sugar and warmth.
在科技论文的英文写作中,正确运用一些承上启下的过渡词可在语句中形成重要的连接纽带,能贯通思路的脉络。形成文章所必须具有的牯着性和连贯性1)。Thereby作为副词性过渡词。可在论文写作中很好地发挥这种作用,因此它常见于国外作者的科技论中。而这一词的用法国内有关语法及词汇学文献中却很少讲到,一些科技论文作者对它的使用并不十分熟悉,常不能恰当地运用。为此,本文通过摘录国外科技论文中的应用实例.对这一词的用法做了详尽解析和比较,以期对科技论文的写作和编辑有所助益。 1 Thereby的一般意义及用法 Thereby,酎词,词典释意为:因此/由此,从而。在文中可用于并列句中后面的分句,或直接引导一个分词短语作为结果状语。这两用法的实际意义均表示由前面所描述的动作而引起一个结果。举例如下: 1)For the moon blocks our vision of the sun,it also blocks direct light from our star and thereby introduces US tO animage of our world we would not ordinarily see. 2)Quite often,the organisms will perpetuate in a highly oxi.-dized environment,thereby resulting in a growth in the number oforganisms. 从句法上讲,在例1)的用法中。Thereby是并列分句中的一个副词。表示的实际意义尽管是一个结果。但在句子结构中并不引导结果状语从句,其后的动词时态与本句主语一致;在例2)中。Thereby则是引导了一个分词性结果状语。 2国外论文中的常见用法 科技论文作为陈述性文体,目的是传递准确的科学研究信息.结构上的粘着性和意义上的连贯性显得尤其重要。THEREBY作为一副词性过渡词,借助其自身的词汇意义。可很好地表达出因果逻辑关系,充分实现这种粘着性和连贯性。因此,它常用在国外科技论文写作中。举例如下: 1)In addition to t}le de novo pathway,several salvage path.ways exist that allow cells to u8e preformed nucleotides precursors,thereby avoiding the high metabohc cost of biosynthesis. 2)As a consequence of solute accumulation,the osmoticpotentialof the cell is lowered,which,in turn,attracts water intthe cell and,thereby,tends to maintain its turgor. 3)By developing these preventive techniques,the companiesand farmers may establish that they have taken adequate reagon.able measles and thereby avoid negligence liability to a neighbor. 4)Planting soybean in narrow rows (38 cm or less)resultedin the greatest yield in all zones and thereby gives another optionto reduce production costs by using an interlow phnter to shareequipment COSts between COrn and soybean. 5)The seeding rates included recommended(optimum),low,and high thereby creating a set of IOWspacing/seeding rate systems for the three weed management sys—terns. 在上述例句中,尽管未使用通常用表达因果关系的原因状语从句,Thereby却强调出很明显的因果逻辑关系,形成表达逻辑关系的强势句,它使语句一气呵成,流畅自如,意义明确。 3国内作者存在的问题 由于对thereby的用法缺少认识。国内一些作者并不习惯于使用它,在表达相同的意思时,常以Which引导一个定语从句取而代之。例如: 1)Constitutive overexpression of CBF genes could induceexpression of many cold—and dehydration—induciblegenes and activate multiple sLress response mechanisms,whichresulted in eoraprehensive improvement of stress tolerances of plants. 2)’me accumu on of many secondary metabolites WaSnoxious to suspension Ceils,in the browning of both themedium and callus。whcih reduced somatic embryo production. 在上述例子句中,which与thereby表达了基本相同的意思,从语法上讲也是正确的。但与Thereby相比,Which的使用却改变了语旬的整体风格.没能表达出前后句之间明确的逻辑关系,意愚不十分到位。属弱势句。实际上这也就是我们常说的“中国式英语”。 如前所述。若将Which替换为Thereby,则会很好地提高语言表达效果。见以下对两例句的修改: 1)Constitutive overexpression of CBF genes could induce expression of many cold—.and dehydration——inducibh genes andactivate multiple stress response mechanisms,thereby resulting incomprehensive improvement of stress tolerances of transgenicplants6). 2)The accumulation of many secondary metabelites wasnoxious to suspension cells,resulting in the browning of both themedium and callus and thereby reducing somatic embryo production7). 显然,thereby仅作为一个单词而言,它在整篇论文中的地位也许是微不足道的。但恰到好处地使用这一单词可提高英语语言的表现力.避免中国式英语。实际上,能否正确应用像Thereby这类连贯词正是科技论文英文写作水平的重要体现。