讨论：by doing与by n.的比较，异常的困惑

weirui5621

关于by doing和by n.的用法，在这里真的有必要弄清楚。

先说下吧，通常来说by doing表示动作，by  n.表示状态，这是大家都公认的，不过光凭这一点是很难做出判断的，下面3个PREP的例子就是我想探讨的问题。

177.(24315-!-item-!-188;#058&000969)
In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing
A. exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing
B. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitating and practicing
C. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice
D. exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice
E. exhibit the kind of curiosity where new patterns of behavior and expression are passed on to others by imitation and practice

这题选D，DB之间的区别就在于by doing 和 by n.。prep给出的解释是逻辑主语的问题，不可能新的patterns做imitating and practicing的逻辑主语。

刚开始看到的时候我很认同，不过当我遇到这两个题目的时候我就开始困惑了

105.(30121-!-item-!-188;#058&004107)
Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial information with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the state's attorney general accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep records private.
(A) by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep
(B) by its failure of honoring its promise to its customers to keep
(C) in its failing to honor its promise to its customers of keeping
(D) because of its failure in honoring its promise to its customers in keeping
(E) because of its failure to honor its promise to its customers of keeping

本题选A，可是，如果by failing的逻辑主语是attorney的话，那不是有非常大的问题吗，怎么看逻辑主语都是bank才对啊。这样看来failure反而很好的避免了逻辑主语指代的问题。PREP给的解释是failure没有failing简洁。还有一题

64.(27882-!-item-!-188;#058&003676)
The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether.
(A) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether
(B) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, those that are replaced altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
(C) burning fossil fuels more efficiently and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
(D) more efficiency in the burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether
(E) the more efficient burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by fossil fuels that are replaced altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
C无疑是最佳选项，可是问题又来了，by burning... by replacing...他们的逻辑主语竟然是emissions，怎么想都应该是人或者是车才对

例子就放在这里，是昨天amygmat让我找出来的，希望能讨论出个结果来！！！

64.(27882-!-item-!-188;#058&003676)
The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether.
(A) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether
(B) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, those that are replaced altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
(C) burning fossil fuels more efficiently and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
(D) more efficiency in the burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether
(E) the more efficient burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by fossil fuels that are replaced altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
C无疑是最佳选项，可是问题又来了，by burning... by replacing...他们的逻辑主语竟然是emissions，怎么想都应该是人或者是车才对

例子就放在这里，是昨天amygmat让我找出来的，希望能讨论出个结果来！！！

Eileen小浣熊

同意 BY doing和BY N取决于强调动作还是结果  

小爪子

顶！

earn_it

andy_lxh 发表于 2014-9-21 15:25
N年前的帖子，做到这里时分享一个新思路，希望NN们指教：

结论：

同意！               

leslie.x

andy_lxh 发表于 2014-9-21 15:25
N年前的帖子，做到这里时分享一个新思路，希望NN们指教：

结论：

Mark一下！               

olivia321

andy_lxh 发表于 2014-9-21 15:25
N年前的帖子，做到这里时分享一个新思路，希望NN们指教：

结论：

解释得非常到位。

andy_lxh

N年前的帖子，做到这里时分享一个新思路，希望NN们指教：

结论：
1. By doing sth 不需要一定与句子的逻辑主语一致，但必须与所修饰动词的逻辑主语一致
2. By sth -Longman的解释-means/metho-- used to say what means or method someone uses to do something: sample- He was taken from his home by force.

对PREP177：
1）仅就By sth or By doing sth部分判断，与该动作逻辑主语无关，而是imitate 及practicing为及物动词，不能单独存在。
2）假设将A项改为by imitating Noun-A and practicing Noun-B,  该修饰语正确，因为 By doing sth 为adv modifier，修饰对象为Be passed, 逻辑主语等同 pass的动作发出者， some one pass new pattern from on to another by imitating A and practicing B.  Correct

对PREP105：
使用同样的方法，what "by failing " modify ? it clearly modify engaging but not accused,  所以- by failing 逻辑主语指向 动作engage的逻辑主语，bank engage in deceptive business practice by failing to do XXX. Correct.
A accused b of doing sth.  A 指控B做了什么
A accused b by doing sth, A 通过做XX指控B
A accused B of doing C by doing D. 此时，判断by doing C 修饰accused 还是 doing D，需要具体语义，两者均Grammtical right

对PREP64
同理，what "by burning" modify ? it modify " be cut" ，逻辑主语指向cut的逻辑主语， some one cut the source by burning fossil fuels more efficiently. Correct.

贴三个PREP正确句子：
PREP177：A Wrong；D Correct
In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees
A. exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing
D. exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice

PREP105
Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial information with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the state's attorney general accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep records private.

A Wrong， D Correct

PREP 64
The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by burning fossil fuels more efficiently and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells

oc16chan

就SV一致的问题，64题Manhattan forum上说了OA并不完美，但是其他选项错误更多。与17题类似的，在选择by ving还是by noun这个问题上，就剩下C 和 D两个比较。

问题是，如果选D，efficiency and alternatives 本身并不会cut emission, by引导的句子表达的是通过做（动词）某事，至少要有一个动词表明“利用（动词）”了efficiency 或者alternatives才能cut emission.

用中文来说，就是“通过高效率和替代方式来减排”比不上“通过使用高效率和替代方式来减排”。主动行为的动词缺失使得D选项不可行，因此烂苹果中，只剩下C选项较优。这里与17题不一样的地方在于，imitate和practice本身就是主动性动词，像burn和replace一样，单独使用就可以表达句意。


就17题来讲，我觉得除了SV一致这个考点外，也考“现成动词>动词分词”，比如the release of the prisoners> the releasing of the prisoners. 放入Imitation或者Imitating表达的意思都是一样的，没有必要用分词,而且不会产生SV不一致的问题。

wendydou

我觉着还是不能够从逻辑主语出发去判断BY DOING  OR BY N，11L说的可以解决这个问题。谢谢解惑

GTI

LZ对主语的问题真是很纠结啊，不过官方的解释应该是对的