OG上一道关于with用法的问题

bonbonjon

好像是OG16上面的题目，正确答案是A。主要比较纠结B选项，这个with的用法我感觉像是限定性修饰，但是看到helr在一个帖子中说这个是独立主格，有点不太理解；第二个问题就是helr的帖子中提到，that were可以跳跃修饰到planets，依然不太理解。恳请NN们指点~现行谢过~

By 1999, astronomers had discovered 17 nearby stars that are orbited by planets about the size of Jupiter.

(A) had discovered 17 nearby stars that are orbited by planets

(B) had discovered 17 nearby stars with planets orbiting them that were

(C) had discovered that there were 17 nearby stars that were orbited by planets

(D) have discovered 17 nearby stars with planets orbiting them that are

(E) have discovered that 17 nearby stars are orbited by planets