It may be another 15 years before spacecraft from earth again venture to Mars, a planet now known to be cold, dry, and probably lifeless. Key is A. and the explanation focused on whether “known to be” or “known as being” is right expression. However, does anybody notice that the subject is spacecraft so the verb should be either “ventures” or “will venture” according to the hint of “another 15 years before”. C: will venture to Mars again, a planet now known as being E: will again venture to Mars, a planet known now as being.
as I know, the plus form of "aircraft" is the sam as the singlular form... so I guess this rule apply to "spacecraft" too. since there is a "-craft" at the end of both words.