OG257

The direction in which the Earth and the other solid planets --Mercury, Venus, and Mars -- spins were determined from collisions with giant celestial bodies in the early history of the Solar System.

(A)
                    spins were determined from

(B)  spins were determined because of

(C)
                    spins was determined through

(D)
                    spin was determined by(D)

(E)  spin was determined as a result of

我想了解一下为啥E不可以用as a result of和by有什么区别没有

感觉BY比较简洁，同时，determined by也是惯用法