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众所周知，为了模拟北美大学课堂的学术气氛和学生在校园生活的方方面面，新托福考试的口语部分首次允许考生做课堂笔记（笔记考完要上交，但笔记不算分）、并要求考生能够发表自己的意见和看法，而且必须具备对教授推荐的参考书写出读书报告、阐明自己观点的能力以及其他处理校园生活中可能遇到的各种情况的能力。本文拟对新托福口语考试（包括独立口语任务和综合口语任务）中如何做笔记的问题做深人地分析和探讨。
Note-taking in the Independent Task
该部分要求考生就某一自己熟悉的话题阐述自己的观点。一类问题是自由回答间题（Free-choice Response），如：If you could have any job in the world, what would it be? Use details to support your. response；另一类是选择类问题（Paired-choice Response），如：Do you like to try new kinds of food or eat the same kind of food all the time? Use details and examples to support your response,准备时间为15秒，回答问题时间为45秒。问题会被朗读出来，且同时出现在屏幕上。考生可以不用理会电脑的朗读，迅速阅读完问题。这样可以争取大概5秒，那么在这大约20秒内，考生可在草稿纸上迅速记下自己所要表达的关键信息。这里记笔记的方法为“TST表格”。TST ( Topic-Supporting ideas--Transitions）意思是考生须在草稿纸上用一到两个词写下欲表达的Topic（主题），Supporting ideas（分论点）和Transitions（信号词）。下面试举一例：
Question:7 F6 H. @& g3 [: b' O& o8 `
Where would you want to be professionally in ten years? Use details to support your response., ~! i1 z# x/ C( Q+ p
考生应迅速在纸上写下“own bus...”、“master”、“work com...”、“start”等信息见以下TST( Topic—Supporting ideas—Transitions )表格。
Topic statement:
7 S1 S- c% T' ~own bus... (I would like to own my own business) Supporting ideas:1 B8 w$ }9
( How I will work toward owning my business)'
master (Will get master's in business )
work com... (Will work in company while planning my business)
start (Will start my own business when I am ready)
Transitions: 10 next because 3 within 10 y (可用y代替 years)
Sample Answer0 Z# X5 `7 u2 ^+ W5 N
In ten years I would like to win an import business of my own. Next year, I will be starting a master's program in business with a specialization in entrepreneurship. I will be getting this degree because I hope to start my own business and make it successful some day. After I finish my master's degree three years from now, I will most likely take a position in another company for a few years to make some money and to spend some time planning my own business. Within ten years, I hope to own my own company and be on the way to making it a success.
再举一例：
Question:) E
Sometimes students have to write papers. Sometimes they have to give oral presentations. Which activity do you think is better for students, and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.
考生应迅速在纸上写下“pap”、“strong read write exams”、“more time think deeply”等信息。见以下TST( Topic—Supporting ideas—Transitions )表格：
Topic: pap (writing papers is better for students) Supporting ideas: (Why writing papers is better)/ d A% {* I6 R G8 O- u! X! p- y2 k
* strong read write exams (need strong writing skills for reading and writing and prepare for exams)
* more time think deeply(show understanding for more time to explain and think deeply)9 N$
Transitions: firstly because, so also3
Sample Answer
I think writing papers is better for students. Firstly we need to develop strong writing skills. We go to school mainly to learn reading and writing, so we need a lot of practice. Examinations require a lot of writing, so writing papers is good reparation. Also, I think writing is a better way to show that I understand. When I write a paper, I can think deeply because I have more time to explain my ideas.
为了给读者更多机会练习使用“TST表格”，特提供一下6个问题供大家练习。
1. Describe a place that you consider to be beautiful. Explain why certain qualities of this place make it beautiful. Include details and examples to support your explanation.1 \/ w) }; {
2. Some people relax by staying home. Others relax by going out. Which type of relaxation is better for your and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.
3. Describe an occasion when you were surprised. What happened to you, and why did you feel surprised? Include details and examples in your explanation.
4. Some students prepare for tests by studying alone. Others prepare for tests by studying with other students or a tutor. Which study method do you think is better, and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.. M5 {# f) Z E+ \% F
* f6 b& ]- n( B3 Z5 s5 F0 @2 b% x# \
5.What type of home would you like to live in? Describe the characteristics of such a home and explain why you would like to live there. Include details and examples in your explanation.
6. Some people exercise early in the morning. Others exercise in the afternoon or evening. Which time of day do you think is better for exercising and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.2 A5
Note-taking in the Integrated Tasks
1.Reading—Listening—Speaking, t* p8
第3题和第4题以试题中的阅读和听力材料为基础，要求考生回答相关问题。即Reading－Listening－Speaking，具体步骤是首先要求考生在45秒内阅读一篇短文，一般只含一个段落，随后短文隐去，播放一段与短文相关的对话或课堂演讲，其长度大约为1分半钟（比listening section中的材料篇幅要短）。最后，要求考生根据先前阅读的短文和所听到的材料回答相关问题，考生有30秒钟的准备时间，然后进行60秒钟的回答。而第5题和第6题要求考生先听一段听力材料，然后回答相关问题。即Listening-Speaking,听力材料通常有一段是情景对话，另一段是课堂演讲，其长度大约为1分半钟。8 x, u) Z' M5 S; k# G
考生有20秒钟的准备时间，之后进行60秒钟的回答。在综合口语任务里，你所需要记笔记的内容就是在读短文和听材料的过程中记下材料中的“main points”、“examples”、“reasons”等等。．而是否能很快识别“信号词”（Signal Words）成为其中的关键。“信号词”（Signal Words或Transitions）是我们用来“追踪”说话人的思路的词汇，它就像“路标”一样指引着旅行者的方向。有了信号词，我们就知道说话人何时要举例子，何时要下结论，何时要解释原因等等。
1）信号词
*信号词的分类
种类
| 例词
| 所表达的含义
| 时间顺序
Time-
Sequence
| first, later, next, finally, before, after, now, previously, last, then, when, immediately, formerly, subsequently, presently, initially, ultimately meanwhile
| 说话人想按时间顺序叙述事件
| 举例
Example
| for example, such as,
for instance, illustrate
| 举例子说明：9 K4 T* d4 j* v0 h& C
Black English used to be considered simply poor English until linguists realized that the so-called errors were actually consistent alternative grammatical forms, some of which originated in African linguistic patterns. For example, the word "be" in standard English is primarily used as part of the infinitive "to be." But in Black English, "be" can also be used to indicate a repeated action or existential state (Labov, 1972).
| 列举
Enumeration
| and, too, finally, furthermore, first(ly), second, third, last, another, next
| 说话人罗列观点（有时想暗示各观点不同的重要性 ): Firstly, I would like to talk about classical music and its representative composers. Next I would like to talk about Jazz music and some influential albums in the history of Jazz. Finally, I will move on to pop music in the last century.
| 补充
Continuation
| also, in addition, and,
further, another, as well as
| 说话人在继续讨论同一话题，并欲补充更多的信息:
A computer is often called a “thinking machine,” and in many ways it is just that. Computers perform difficult and timesaving mathematical computations, as well as problems in logic and reasoning. In addition, computers run other machines and answer questions. Also, they are used to guide astronauts on take-off.
| 比较或反差
Comparison or Contrast
| 比较类like, likewise, as, similarly, at the same time,as well as, both, all,in comparison,
反差类 on the other hand,
in contrast, despite,nevertheless,
yet, instead,rather, notwithstanding,though, regardless, unlike,although, even though,whereas but, in spite of,on the contrary, however
| 说话人想说出一个与之前的观点相同，不甚相同甚至是相反的观点：The sex of the instructor affected the extent of active student participation. In classes taught by men with roughly equal proportions of male and female students, male students were responsible for about 75% of all class discussion. Similarly, with women as instructors, female student participation rose from 25% to 42%; in contrast, male participation slipped from 75% to 58%.
| 强调
Emphasis
| important to note, most, above all, especially valuable, a central issue, especially relevant, should be noted, the most substantial issue, remember that, a major event,the principal item, pay particular attention to, the chief factor, most of all, a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, the main value
| 说话人想说出最重要最核心的内容，说话人用这些词引起听众的注意:- i& f4 w! @5 q, B6 W; Q+ c
Although the resources of our world are limited, the wants of people are not. Indeed, one of the most important assumptions of economics is that the total human wants can never be satisfied. No matter how much we have, we seem to want more. As people's income increase, so does their desire for more and better goods and services.
| 因果
Cause-Effect
| because, accordingly,for this reason, hence, resulting, as a result, o, then, thus, therefore, since, consequently
| 说话人欲表现两个或多个事物之间的联系,尤其是它们之间的因果关系: Atherosclerosis is the result of the buildup of fat, fibrin, parts of dead cells, and calcium on the inside of the arteries. No one knows what causes this disease, but a number of things can speed its development. These include smoking cigarettes and eating animal fat and cholesterol. Others include age, hypertension, diabetes, stress, heredity, and sex (males have more heart attacks).
| 总结
Summary
| thus, in short, to conclude, in brief, in the end, in summary, to reiterate, in conclusion, to sum up, finally, therefore, thus, as already stated
| 说话人欲复述或总结之前的话语：Euthanasia is defined as mercy killing, either by the sick people themselves or by their relatives or close friends. One controversial doctor is a strong proponent of this act: Dr. Jack Krevorkian. Dr. Krevorkian has publicly admitted to giving assistance to people who have committed suicide. As a result, he has been called a saint by some, a murderer by others.
| 定义
Definition
| define, is defined as, known as, that is, the term means, we mean, we can state, we refer to
| 说话人欲给术语下定义：Our country has been obsessed with youth for far too many years. Age has been defined only as a decline from a peak of youth. Age is a fate worse than death. Negative stereotypes of older people are reinforced daily in the popular media, which contain very few examples of anyone 60 or older doing anything active or dynamic in society. |
*信号词识别练习% R, m4 @7 }8 V/ K1 X3 e6 ^
为了让大家具有迅速识别信号词的能力，提供以下两则练习，大家做这两则练习时关键要在尽量短的时间内完成。9 ~* |9 O9 _/ d- s
将下表中的信号词添人适当的横线中8 {(
for example
differ; w3 o! E" _2 ^4 }, J! ?
consequently
therefore
alike. p6 I0 h% r2 P9 ^! w
most significant
moreover/ P0 D1 y) ]9 g; L
as a result
however( n9 d: s7 y: w/ `
most important
in addition; A. |1 |4 s' F( r% N3 O
such as
but
for example: ?/ _* ?1 p- I4 D. I5 @- ~) X
similarly
also
just as
especially valuable
Emphasis ____________________________________________________________5 P, g) ` X8 P: a' c
Addition (Continuation)_________________________________________________4 i1 ~. h: _ d) v6 h- r
Comparison __________________________________________________________& Q. y, i; A1 ~0 R. x
Contrast_____________________________________________________________: S9 Z1 p: f& C+ V5 o
Illustration (Example)_________________________________________________
请大家尽快划出下列短文中的信号词。短文后的数字暗示该短文中信号词的数量。
*One of the most persistent desires of human beings has been to indulge in mood-hanging and pleasure-giving practices. For instance, diverse cultures have engaged in the drinking of alcoholic beverages of all descriptions. But as with most pleasure, overindulgence can be harmful to oneself and others. Also, not everyone agrees that drinking or using other mood modifiers should be an accepted pleasure.
(4 signal words)
* Energy is used to cause chemical changes. For example, a chemical change occurs in the electroplating of metals when electrical energy is passed through a salt solution in which the metal is submerged. A chemical change also occurs when radiant energy from the sun is utilized by plants in the process of photosynthesis. Moreover, as we say, a chemical change occurs when heat causes mercuric oxide to decompose. Chemical changes are often used to produce energy rather than new substances. The heat or thrust generated during the combustion of fuels is more important than the products formed. (5 signal words)
* But even those pre-agricultural people who had fairly stationary living sites did not develop in civilizing ways comparable to the farmers. Agriculture probably required a far greater discipline than did any form of food collecting. Seeds had to be planted at certain seasons, some protection had to be given to the growing plants and animals, harvests had to be reaped. stored, and divided. Thus we might argue that it was neither leisure time nor a sedentary existence that produced great changes in human culture. The cause was rather the more rigorous demands associated with an agricultural way of life. Humanity was changing plants and animals to suit its needs, and living in close relation with plants and animals was changing humans way of life. 0 e, F' p! F0 ]$ ?. b
(9 signal words)0 X, ]9 V) l' d
2）在阅读（Reading）短文时做笔记( i
在第3和第4题中你会碰到两篇阅读短文，你所需要记笔记的内容就是在读短文的过程中记下材料中的“main point”以及“examples”和“reasons”等等。切忌写下过多的细节，或为了记笔记而忽略了中心思想。见下例（注意加黑处的信号词）：
Isaac Asimov
Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) was an amazing author who wrote an astounding amount of material on an even more astounding variety of subjects. His literary studies included line-by-line analyses of all of the play of Shakespeare; his historical research included works on the history of Greece, the Roman Empire, England, and France; he also wrote well-researched tomes on physics, chemistry, and astronomy. What he is most likely best known for today, however, is science fiction: his Foundation series on a galactic empire inspired by Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and the / Robot series about a future society where humans and robots coexist. In total, Asimov wrote more than 500 books on this wide variety of subjects." L
从信号词我们知道：
TOPIC OF READING PASSAGE: author Isaac Asimov
Main points about Asimov：1 |9 U/ j5 ~" U* t' U H
* wrote a huge amount of material (more than 500 books);2 F( j0 J% I1 M' A
*wrote on a wide variety of topics (literary analysis, history, physics, chemistry, astronomy, science fiction)
以下是两篇阅读短文，请迅速识别出其信号词，并做出笔记：
The Dead Sea y* R5 |( f4 L2 k* h3 E4 Z
The Middle Eastern body of water called Bahr Lut in Arabic is known as the Dead Sea in English. This body of water is said to be "dead" not because it is the dried-out remnant to survive in it. The Dead Sea is a landlocked body of water with the Jordan River as its source and no outlet. Its high salt content, which results from the rapid evaporation due to the area s extremely high temperatures, makes it the saltiest body of water on Earth.3 q+ G5
3）在听对话或讲座时做笔记（Listening）.
在听讲座或对话时，你需要关注主要观点（major points）以及为了支撑其观点所使用的例子（examples）和原因（causes）!
Listening Passage:
(Professor): Now I'm sure you're all wondering how Asimov managed to write so much. Well, the simple answer's that he did almost nothing except writing because that's what he was driven to do.; t; R+ A5 p" u; q1 W, ?
Asimov's normal routine was to spend time, a lot of time, writing every day. He usually got up at 6 o'clock in the morning; he was at work writing by 7:30 in the morning, and he wrote until 10 o'clock in the evening. That's a lot of time to spend writing. This desire to spend so much time writing prompted Asimov himself to say "Writing is my only interest. Even speaking is an interruption."
TOPIC OF LISTENING PASSAGE: how Asimov wrote so much + d" d$ S3 o; e, C S4 F) F
Main points about topic:. v" c+ T; ?, w. e" E: }
* Asimov wrote from 7: 30 in the morning to 10 o'clock in the evening./ ^; Z7 i% ~3 p6 H
* Asimov said,"Writing is my only interest."
4）整合笔记，最终开口（Speaking）
以上我们讨论过如何在读文章和听材料时做笔记，现在我们已经拥有两份笔记，可以开始答题了，不过答题以前，需要明确以下几点：7 \4 d/ e% Q) J, Q8 R+ G6 H/ U
*你的准备时间为30秒，回答时间为1分钟，回答须同时包括所听的材料和所读文章中的信息；
*在答题时不要涉及个人观点，不要说例如“I think”之类的话。你的回答应该仅仅跟所读的文章和所听的材料有关。&
*在Reading-Listening-Speaking部分中，可能会问你以下几个向题：
复述对话中所涉及到的一个观点9
总结说话人得出某个观点的原因
描述听力材料中教授谈及的问题
解释听力材料与阅读材料的联系. R2 B- b% m5
*此部分的评分标准7 D. ?听力和阅读材料中提炼出相关信息3 D. m!
听力和阅读材料中提炼出相关信息3 D. m!
用听力和阅读材料中的适当细节和观点答题
观点表达前后连贯一致
表达清晰易懂;
*在30秒钟的准备时间中，请务必仔细阅读问题的题干，听完材料后查阅阅读材料和听力材料的笔记，提炼主要观点和说出支撑论点的2～3个分论点。
*回答时间为1分钟，时间应该完全够用。语速适中，切记不要着急，请留意时间，你有20秒来展开每一个分论点。
*表达必须连贯一致，符合逻辑顺序，适当使用Signal Words, 如下：
*如欲介绍两个材料中的主要观点：
The man's opinion is that
The woman believes that
According to the lecture
The professor made the point that
The reading states that
请看以下例子：
例1：Reading
FUNGI AND PLANT DISEASE, \&
Of all the organisms responsible for diseases in plants, fungi cause the most problems. Although a fungus is technically a small plant, it cannot make its own food and therefore survives by being a parasite-living off other plant hosts. A common fungus, southern blight, affects many vegetables, including tomatoes and potatoes. It appears as a fuzzy white growth on the plant's stem near soil level. When the plant is infected with the blight, it wilts and then dies. The fungus may spread to the soil, where it can survive for years.2
Listening and Speaking0 `
(Narrator) Now listen to part of a lecture in a botany class
(Professor)-
Of all the organisms responsible for diseases in plants, fungi cause the most problems. Although a fungus is technically a small plant, it cannot make its own food and therefore survives by being a parasite-living off other plant hosts. A common fungus, southern blight, affects many vegetables, including tomatoes and potatoes. It appears as a fuzzy white growth on the plant' s stem near soil level. When the plant is infected with the blight, it wilts and then dies. The fungus may spread to the soil, where it can survive for years. Because a fungus can survive for years in soil, the best way to control such a disease is to remove and destroy the infected plants, as well as six centimeters of soil around them. Avoid spreading disease by washing off your tools and your shoes when you go from an infected area to a healthy part of your garden. At the end of the gardening season, do a complete cleanup., k$
You can also keep disease away by rotating crops. Crop rotation can be effective in preventing soil-borne disease, especially when the disease is caused by a fungus that likes specific plants. For example, the fungus that causes southern blight is attracted to tomatoes. Once this fungus is present, it will thrive in the soil from year to year, attacking the tomato plants.
With crop rotation, you don't grow the same plant in the same place for at least three consecutive years. So, for example, if you grow tomatoes one year, the next year you shouldn't plant tomatoes in the same place. By planting something else the second and third years, any tomato-loving fungus that survived the winter wouldn't have any tomato plants to feed on. With three years between planting tomatoes, the fungus will die off from lack of a host plant.7
Question (Narrator)
Explain ways that a gardener can control plant disease caused by a fungus, and explain why these methods work
(Preparation Time : 30 seconds ; Response Time: 60 seconds )( k7
Here are two notes that two students took during the sample lecture. Add other words and phrases that you think are important to remember about the lecture.-
Student 19 c& ?' q! v h) N8 H$ }
Student 2
fungus, soil, years
control fungus
destroy plants, soil around:
remove 6 cm soil
wash tools, shoes8 x4 Z
crop rotation
specific, tomato blight# T" k) R5 `2 p0 r
fungus cause disease
crop rotation
soil-year to year
tomatoes" m/ U, {2
3 years0 I
don't plant same place
1 tomato
sev. yrs betw
2 other plants
fungus die off( t5 L$ c. S8 o
fungus die, lack host
Response by Student 1
A gardener can control plant disease caused by a fungus. One way is to destroy sick plants and also destroy the soil around plants. This method works because a fungus lives in the soil. Another way is to wash tools and shoes. This will avoid spreading the disease. Another way is to use crop rotation for a tomato blight. Don't plant tomatoes in the same place every year. This method works because the fungus will die off. The reason is there are no tomato plants to eat.*
Response by Student 2(
A fungus kills plants because it lives in the soil. You can control fungus by removing infected plants and six centimeters of the soil. Also, crop rotation can control plant disease caused by a fungus. The fungus lives in soil year to year, so crop rotation is three years. For example, plant tomatoes in the first year. In the second and third year, plant other plants. Crop rotation causes the fungus to die because it lacks a host plant.
两位学生都较圆满地完成了任务，不但提供了两个材料中的相关信息发展观点时也使用了适当的细节，而且表达前后连贯一致。听完这个材料后你所做的笔记应该类似于下面的文字：
例 2: Listening (Woman) Hi, Brett.
(Man) Hi, Karen.
(Woman) You don't look too happy, Brett. Is anything the matter?9 ~6 l,
(Man) You can tell I' m upset just by looking at me?$ c7 S+ \7 ^; e1 }! y
5 L; _& W- C5 [0 L3 o! Z
(Woman) Yeah, it's pretty obvious. You want to tell me what's bothering you?
(Man) Well, it's that I m having trouble in my economics class, and I just talked to the professor. She didn't seem too sympathetic.6 Q" x, ?7 J" ]
7 j( l3 u9 `! T6 B3 ]% A# y
(Woman) She didn't ? What's the problem?
_+ V: r4 d; F* i: E0 ?5 T- A
(Man) Well, it's that I'm on the baseball team.) J. J0 [, b. H
(Woman) I know. I've seen you play. But what does that have to do with your economics class?
n# z" Z" U- p3 S
(Man) It's the away games. That's the problem. The away games are all on the weekend, but usually when we' re traveling to another school for a weekend game, we leave on Friday. The team bus usually leaves about noon on Friday.
(Woman) And that has something to do with your economics class?! h0 ^3 V0 D/ e# H
* u0 s$ t& t% Z; Y5 q4 X
(Man) Yeah, my economics class meets on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, in the afternoon!6 d% R: g( S( M8 v( z' f2 c# ~
( K6 `$ S1 |8 e# m2 {7 Q7 {- L
(Woman) I see. So you miss your economics class once in a while on Friday afternoons?" |
(Man) Not just once in a while. It's been every Friday for the last four weeks.- G# k- B4 d& z( S: i. f7 H
7 G9 g: z9 z; H- s8 i" h
(Woman) And you talked to your economics professor about this?
(Man) Yes, I did. And I told her why I missed class on Fridays.
Z% B2 Z0 i+ C9 ^% h, Q
(Woman) But she wasn't very sympathetic you said.
(Man) She wasn't sympathetic at all., B+ l
(Woman) I think that's because you've missed so many classes... Listen, have you thought about switching to a different section of the class? I think there's another section of the same class on Tuesdays and Thursdays.
(Man) I hadn't thought about that. Maybe that would be something to consider, since my professor's not at all happy that I miss class so much.
听完了这个材料后你所做的笔记应该类似于下面的文字：
TOPIC OF LISTENING PASSAGE: problem man is having with economics class/ Z*
Main points about problem:
* Man is missing economics class on Fridays because he is on the baseball team.8 Q# Y! A4 ]6 F+ z( H* f1 l+ t$ v
* Woman suggests changing to a different section of economics class that does not meet on Fridays.0 L \3 t( r'
这道题的问题如下：
Question n- l% Q+ j' J- ?
How does the woman react to the man's problem?( X0 |0 V3 C+ x* S
用以上的笔记，很容易回答这个问题，别忘了使用一些信号词来组织自己的回答：! q D9 ~8 j& |% d: {7 P9 U
Sample Answer
In this listening passage, two students discuss a problem the man has with his economics class. First, the man explains that he has the problem that he is missing his economics class on Fridays because he is on the baseball team and he travels to away games on Fridays. Then after the woman understands this problem, she suggests that he change to a different section of economics class, one that does not meet on Fridays.! I( {1 d( k. a& s3 {3 k4 n
备考建议：
词汇准备：建立流畅表达所需要的词汇，尤其是信号词。信号词的恰当使用会使你的表达更诚畅，更连贯。
发音准备：提高发音的同时，尤其要主要单词重音和语音语调。
录制准备：将自己的声音录下来，听一听有什么问题。6 f8 d5 E# j2 `8 d* t3 V
笔记准备：平时多听、多看大学讲座、纪录片和英语新闻，边听边做笔记，尽量抓住材料的主题。
GOOD LUCK Everyone.
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发表于 2013-8-27 11:13:25
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