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看了几个贴，其实发现 commas+past participle 还是 只能 修饰前名词/名词短语
1. http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/building-on-civilizations-that-preceded-them-in-coastal-peru-t8434.html
这里面Manhattan staff 说
past participles function as adjectives; they ALWAYS modify nouns. it's actually impossible for a past participle to modify a whole clause.
you're thinking of the rule for "clause + , + -ING", which doesn't extend to past participles.
2. 其次 http://gmatclub.com/forum/verb-ed-modifiers-vs-verb-ing-modifiers-125611.html 里面说
1. When verb-ing modifier is separated from the clause using a comma, then this modifier modifies the preceding clause.
2. When verb-ing modifier is not separated from the clause using a comma, then it modifies the preceding noun.
3. When verb-ing modifier is placed in the beginning of the sentence followed by a comma, then it may modify either the subject of the clause or the entire clause, depending upon the context of the sentence.
4. Verb-ed modifier modifies the preceding noun or the noun phrase.
5. When verb-ed modifier is placed in the beginning of the clause followed by a comma, then it modifies the subject of the clause.
其中还解释道 本题的关键， Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.
surpassed by确实符合 过去分词修饰前名词/名词短语的 规则， 只是它修饰的不是 death 而是 the nation’s third leading cause of death
3. 第2个链接还提到
REGULAR ENGLISH Vs. GMAT: The point to be noted here is that in regular English, comma + verb-ed modifiers modify the preceding clause. They behave in similar manner as do comma + verb-ing modifiers. However, GMAT goes against this practice as is evident from OG12#56.
Since Official Guides set up the rules here, we incorporate these rules in our course curriculum and questions. If down the line, OG modifies this question and changes the explanation, reflecting that comma + verb-ed modifiers modify preceding clause, then we will change our curriculum and questions based on this rule accordingly.
Here are a few examples from OG12 for verb-ed modifiers:
Verb-ed modifier modifying preceding noun = OG12#28, OG12#56.
第2个链接中Diabetes题目是og12 #5
4. 回到本帖 原题中
According to some analysts, the gains in the stock market reflect growing confidence that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come in for a "soft landing", followed by a gradual increase in the business activity.
followed by 应该修饰soft landing
5. Joe Lucero， Manhattan GMAT Instructor 这个人说 ED and -ING verbs after commas are most commonly a modifier that modifies the main clause of the sentence:
我觉得是错的，首先1）他和另一个Manhattan staff说的不一样 （就是第一个链接中所说的 past participles function as adjectives; they ALWAYS modify nouns. it's actually impossible for a past participle to modify a whole clause. you're thinking of the rule for "clause + , + -ING", which doesn't extend to past participles. ）
其次 2）我翻了翻 manhattan sc, 其中第六章节modifier中 a) noun modifier的类型包括 past participle 和 present participle without commas; b) 而verb modifiers 中并没有past participle c)当谈到modify an entire clauses的时候只提到present participle （the use of -ing form works best when you want to express the result of the main clause.) 就是现在分词作状语表结果。
6. 结合 #3和#5可知
Joe Lucero， Manhattan GMAT Instructor 说的ED and -ING verbs after commas are most commonly a modifier that modifies the main clause of the sentence 在regular english是 对的，但是在gmat中有误。
正解为
1. When verb-ing modifier is separated from the clause using a comma, then this modifier modifies the preceding clause.
2. When verb-ing modifier is not separated from the clause using a comma, then it modifies the preceding noun.
3. When verb-ing modifier is placed in the beginning of the sentence followed by a comma, then it may modify either the subject of the clause or the entire clause, depending upon the context of the sentence.
4. Verb-ed modifier modifies the preceding noun or the noun phrase.
5. When verb-ed modifier is placed in the beginning of the clause followed by a comma, then it modifies the subject of the clause.
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发表于 2013-8-22 13:57:27
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