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[SC总结] 【跪求骚扰】定语从句引导词 that/,which 跳跃指代(跳跃修饰)

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楼主
发表于 2011-7-18 14:21:39 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
大家都知道定语从句的引导词  that/,which  多数时候紧挨着先行词,紧挨着其修饰的词,但有些情况下,他们会发生跳跃指代(又称跳跃修饰)的状况,我就想弄清楚,到底哪些情况下,发生跳跃指代(跳跃修饰)。

对于这个问题,CDer曾经有过很多讨论:
2004年6月的帖:
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-53201-1-1.html
前辈们对于这个问题的讨论非常仔细,还求得了ETS的回复,但依旧没能解决我的疑惑。

2010年2月的帖:
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-441459-1-1.html
楼主自己总结了  that/,which  指代的各种情况,对我有很大帮助。

2010年11月的帖:
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-499613-1-1.html
楼主集大成汇百家,把对于这一问题的讨论结果都发了出来。

以上三个帖子,都很长,真的很长,我都爬完了看完了,我发现前辈们讨论问题、总结问题的精神是很好,但都没有彻底、完全地解决问题,一部分原因大概是因为回帖这种沟通方式效率偏低。所以,为了节约时间,也
为了更好的讨论问题,我希望能用更直接更高效的方式交流,在此,对讨论进行一些规范:

1. 主题:  that/,which  哪些情况下跳跃指代(跳跃修饰)

2. 范例:请围绕以下范例进行讨论,全部选自OG 12 SC Sample Questions 的正确答案
2.1 (4题)Of all the vast tides of immigration that have swept through history ......
2.2 (26题)Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a
period beginning ...... and ending ......
2.3 (65题)the Army Crops of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks
that would rise ...... and act as ......
2.4 (106题)Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could ......
2.5 (107题)Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-indeced
X-ray emission, which can ......
2.6 (111题)Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian
Amphitheater ......
2.7 (126题)The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional
reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.


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沙发
发表于 2011-7-18 15:31:22 | 只看该作者
我是搜EMILY拿到题搜到你的帖子~
不过我没想问指代~
有一个规则在BY的书里有说P162
就是 名词+介词短语+that定语从句,这样的就是跳过介词短语 修饰前面的名词,当然了 就象emily那道。
但是,
你看下有介词的那些,我没有一一翻书去看整个题 只是看了一下你写出来的正确答案,
26,65,88,106,111 你不觉得 一个名词 OR名词+介词短语 一起看,你不觉得意思没差多少么~反正介词短语也是修饰名词的~所以我觉得不用怎么纠结的感觉~

至于107,这样看 which肯定是修饰proton-indeced X-ray emission的了,但是前面又是说 一个技术叫X RAY什么的 所以好像看成单个和整体又没什么差别。

最后一题,提取主要内容一下, the use is based on assumption that...这样看肯定是解释说明assumption的了~PS~也是符合跳过介词短语的用法~

个人见解~~不知道对不对哈~

总体概括一句就是 你纵观一下~~不好意思 我不能准确形容那个感觉~反正就是从大的方面看~~
板凳
 楼主| 发表于 2011-7-19 09:41:44 | 只看该作者
顶到首页~yeah~~
地板
发表于 2011-7-19 14:07:06 | 只看该作者
!!!!!!!!
5#
发表于 2011-7-19 18:49:10 | 只看该作者
that/which根据逻辑含义跳跃指代.
1.当前面是同格,不需要区分是修饰前面的名词还是后面的名词,比如the four of us,比如a technique called proton-indeced X-ray emission,那么that/which修饰前后两个名词完全是没有区别。
2.两个词,一个是核心词,一个是修饰部分的名词,that/which修饰两者都可以,关键是你要表达一个什么意思,另外修饰前面的名词时,不能跳得太远(通常不超过往前数第三个名词),要不就和代词一样--指代不清。

用lzls...nake的句子打个比方:
1. Of all the vast tides of imgration that have swept through history ......
句子想表达的含义是那个移民潮横扫历史,因此that修饰的就是tides
2. Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning ...... and ending ......
句子想表达的是信是什么时候写的,因此which修饰的就是letters
3. Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began
句子想表达的是Roman Colosseum的正式称呼,因此which修饰的是Roman Colosseum,为什么要加上which was是因为同位语总是修饰前面短语的核心词,而这里Construction of the Roman Colosseum的核心词是Construction,而只有定语从句才有可跳可不跳的功能,所以就用定从而不用同位语。
4.the Army Crops of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise ...... and act as ......
that修饰a breakwater of rocks中的breakwater,因为that would rise是breakwater的一个整体性功能,rocks没有组成breakwater的话没有这个功能。A of B中的of在此表示“原材料”或者“特征、性质”,核心词在前。
5.Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-indeced X-ray emission, which can ......
前面是同格,不需要区分是修饰前面的名词还是后面的名词
6. The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an anduvidual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.
能create unconscious physiological responses的只有emotional reactions,不可能是individual,单复数也不一致。
7.Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could ......
可以做某事的只有tool,而不是conversation,逻辑含义上也是想表达该工具的功能,而不是private conversation的功能,所以that could修饰tool。
=========

可能我没有完全理解lzlsnake的意思,总感觉这个回帖有点水…
6#
发表于 2011-7-19 22:47:43 | 只看该作者
that/which根据逻辑含义跳跃指代.
1.当前面是同格,不需要区分是修饰前面的名词还是后面的名词,比如the four of us,比如a technique called proton-indeced X-ray emission,那么that/which修饰前后两个名词完全是没有区别。
2.两个词,一个是核心词,一个是修饰部分的名词,that/which修饰两者都可以,关键是你要表达一个什么意思,另外修饰前面的名词时,不能跳得太远(通常不超过往前数第三个名词),要不就和代词一样--指代不清。

用lzls...nake的句子打个比方:
1. Of all the vast tides of imgration that have swept through history ......
句子想表达的含义是那个移民潮横扫历史,因此that修饰的就是tides
2. Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning ...... and ending ......
句子想表达的是信是什么时候写的,因此which修饰的就是letters
3. Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began
句子想表达的是Roman Colosseum的正式称呼,因此which修饰的是Roman Colosseum,为什么要加上which was是因为同位语总是修饰前面短语的核心词,而这里Construction of the Roman Colosseum的核心词是Construction,而只有定语从句才有可跳可不跳的功能,所以就用定从而不用同位语。
4.the Army Crops of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise ...... and act as ......
that修饰a breakwater of rocks中的breakwater,因为that would rise是breakwater的一个整体性功能,rocks没有组成breakwater的话没有这个功能。A of B中的of在此表示“原材料”或者“特征、性质”,核心词在前。
5.Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-indeced X-ray emission, which can ......
前面是同格,不需要区分是修饰前面的名词还是后面的名词
6. The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an anduvidual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.
能create unconscious physiological responses的只有emotional reactions,不可能是individual,单复数也不一致。
7.Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could ......
可以做某事的只有tool,而不是conversation,逻辑含义上也是想表达该工具的功能,而不是private conversation的功能,所以that could修饰tool。
=========

可能我没有完全理解lzlsnake的意思,总感觉这个回帖有点水…
-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2011/7/19 18:49:10)



其它的表示赞同,但是以下这个分析,我参考了一下OG的解释,觉得解释可能有一点问题。

3. Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began
句子想表达的是Roman Colosseum的正式称呼,因此which修饰的是Roman Colosseum,为什么要加上which was是因为同位语总是修饰前面短语的核心词,而这里Construction of the Roman Colosseum的核心词是Construction,而只有定语从句才有可跳可不跳的功能,所以就用定从而不用同位语。

该题5个选项中,有3个选项都用到known as...的表达,但是OG在做分析时没有一个因为这点表示存在修饰错误的解释。而且同位语不应该是一个相关名词在首然后再接一串修饰么?(对同位语不是很熟,不要拍我)

抛开这几个单纯的句子,从这几题本身看。我也看了一下这几题原题。这几题的考点都不在which/that上。
所以我觉得楼主想要分析which/that的用法,最好还是拿出考点在这个指代上的题目。然后再判断其修饰的跳跃性什么的,可以比较贴近GMAC的考题思路。
7#
发表于 2011-7-20 08:00:56 | 只看该作者
其它的表示赞同,但是以下这个分析,我参考了一下OG的解释,觉得解释可能有一点问题。

3. Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began
句子想表达的是Roman Colosseum的正式称呼,因此which修饰的是Roman Colosseum,为什么要加上which was是因为同位语总是修饰前面短语的核心词,而这里Construction of the Roman Colosseum的核心词是Construction,而只有定语从句才有可跳可不跳的功能,所以就用定从而不用同位语。

该题5个选项中,有3个选项都用到known as...的表达,但是OG在做分析时没有一个因为这点表示存在修饰错误的解释。而且同位语不应该是一个相关名词在首然后再接一串修饰么?(对同位语不是很熟,不要拍我)

-- by 会员 珞珞啃书 (2011/7/19 22:47:43)


珞珞说得对,一时手快给打成同位语了,这里应该是过去分词短语…
不过同位语和过去分词短语一样是核心词修饰.
8#
发表于 2011-7-20 21:20:05 | 只看该作者
貌似manhattan肯定which 不能跳跃修饰,只能修饰靠近的词。而that的话,prep有解释说 定语从句的引导词指代是可以根据逻辑跳跃不复杂的介宾短语,原因是由于介词词组要紧跟其修饰对象,为避免产生歧义就得把that从句放后面。
9#
发表于 2011-7-25 18:27:06 | 只看该作者
that/which根据逻辑含义跳跃指代.
1.当前面是同格,不需要区分是修饰前面的名词还是后面的名词,比如the four of us,比如a technique called proton-indeced X-ray emission,那么that/which修饰前后两个名词完全是没有区别。
2.两个词,一个是核心词,一个是修饰部分的名词,that/which修饰两者都可以,关键是你要表达一个什么意思,另外修饰前面的名词时,不能跳得太远(通常不超过往前数第三个名词),要不就和代词一样--指代不清。

用lzls...nake的句子打个比方:
1. Of all the vast tides of imgration that have swept through history ......
句子想表达的含义是那个移民潮横扫历史,因此that修饰的就是tides
2. Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning ...... and ending ......
句子想表达的是信是什么时候写的,因此which修饰的就是letters
3. Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began
句子想表达的是Roman Colosseum的正式称呼,因此which修饰的是Roman Colosseum,为什么要加上which was是因为同位语总是修饰前面短语的核心词,而这里Construction of the Roman Colosseum的核心词是Construction,而只有定语从句才有可跳可不跳的功能,所以就用定从而不用同位语。
4.the Army Crops of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise ...... and act as ......
that修饰a breakwater of rocks中的breakwater,因为that would rise是breakwater的一个整体性功能,rocks没有组成breakwater的话没有这个功能。A of B中的of在此表示“原材料”或者“特征、性质”,核心词在前。
5.Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-indeced X-ray emission, which can ......
前面是同格,不需要区分是修饰前面的名词还是后面的名词
6. The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an anduvidual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.
能create unconscious physiological responses的只有emotional reactions,不可能是individual,单复数也不一致。
7.Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could ......
可以做某事的只有tool,而不是conversation,逻辑含义上也是想表达该工具的功能,而不是private conversation的功能,所以that could修饰tool。
=========

可能我没有完全理解lzlsnake的意思,总感觉这个回帖有点水…
-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2011/7/19 18:49:10)

最近一直在思考这个问题想不通~把这几个例子串起来真是豁然开朗~! 谢谢斑斑和LZ~!!
10#
发表于 2012-1-12 22:12:06 | 只看该作者
太好的帖子了,谢谢~
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