一些写Argument时常用词汇的英文解释

本人最近看AWA的范文时, 遇到一些看上去很类似. 用词霸也不好区分出细微差别的词汇. 就借助了朗文字典. 把我觉得写Argument使经常会用到的词汇的解释列在这儿供大家参考.

S Substantiate

vt. To prove the truth of something that someone has said, claimed etc:

         Katzen offered little evidence to substantiate his claims.

   Validate: to prove that sth is true or correct, or to make a document or agreement officially and legally acceptable=confirm

         e.g. Many scientist plan to wait until the results of the study are validated by future research.

   Confirm

a)      to show that sth is definitely true, especially by providing more proof;

 e.g. New evidence has confirm the first witness’s story.

b) to say that sth is definitely true

Affirm

a)      to state publicly that sth is true(=confirm) e.g. The general affirmed rumors of an attack

b)      to strengthen a feeling, belief , or idea

e.g. He claims that modern physics affirms his Christian beliefs.

Argue

a)      to state, giving clear reasons, that something is true, should be done etc

Croft argue that a date should be set for the withdrawal of troops.

Conclude

a)      to decide that sth is true after considering all the information you have ( conclusion)

e.g. the report concluded that the school should be closed immediately.

            b) to conclude, I’d like to express my thanks to my family.

Bolster

a)      to help sb to feel better and positive

b)      to improve sth: e.g. his efforts to bolster his career

Solidify: to make an agreement, plan, attitude etc more definite and less likely to change:

    Granted/Admittedly/Concede: used when you admit that sth is true

         e.g. Granted,  the music is not perfect, but the flaws are outweighed by the sheer joy of the piece.

    Presume: to think that sth is true, although you are not certain (=assume=suppose)

    Suppposedly: used when saying what many people say or believe is true, especially when you disagree with them

         e.g. How could a supposedly intelligent person be so stupid?

    Claim: to state that sth is true, even though it has not been proved

    Assert: to state firmly that sth is true

     Alledge: to say that sth is true or that someone has done sth wrong, although it has not been proved

     Dubious/questionable/doubtful/suspicious: not likely to be true or correct

Eg. It is questionable whether the taxpayer receives value for money.

   Consequently: as a result

    Accordingly

a)      in a way that is suitable for a particular situation or that is based on what someone has done or said:

Katherine still considered him a child and treated him accordingly.

b)      as a result of something = therefore

Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.

Therefore/Thus: as a result of something that has just been mentioned

Hence: for this reason

Thereby: with the result that something else happens

            e.g. He became a citizen in 1973, thereby gaining the right to vote.

Hereby: as a result of this statement—used in official situations

            e.g. I hereby agree to the conditions of this contract.

Addtionally/ In addition/ Also

            e.g. A new contract is in place. Additionally, staff will be offered a bonus scheme.

Moreover/furthermore/In addition---used to introduce information that adds to or supports what has previously been said;

            e.g. The rent is reasonable and, moreover, the location is perfect.

Meanwhile

a)      while something else is happening

b)      also in the meanwhile

c)      used to compare two things, especially if they are completely different and are happening at the same time.

Cite

a)      to mention sth as an example, especially one that supports, proves, or explains an idea or situation;

e.g. The judge cited a 1956 Supreme Court ruling in her decision.

            b) to give the exact words of something that has been written, especially in order to support an opinion or prove an idea = quote

demonstrate:

a) to show or prove sth clearly

e.g The study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.

            b) demonstrate that

illustrate

a)      to make the meaning of sth clearer by giving examples

e.g. Let me give an example to illustrate the point.

Otherwise:

a)      used when saying what bad thing will happen if something is not done;

b)      to say, think or decide something different:

eg. The government claims that the economy is improving, but this survey suggests otherwise.

c)      except for what has just been mentioned;

e.g. He was tired but otherwise in good health

e.g.I could hear the distant noise of traffic. Otherwise all was still.

            e.g. Their arrival livened up an otherwise dull afternoon.

Or otherwise: used to refer to the opposite of what has just been mentioned;

             e.g. We welcome any comments from viewers, favorable or otherwise.

Fallacy

a)      a false idea or belief, especially one that a lot of people believe is true (= misconception)

b)      a weakness in someone’s argument or ideas which is caused by a mistake in their thinking

Justify

a)      to give an acceptable explanation for something that other people think is unreasonable.

How can we justify spending too much on arms?

b)      To be a good and acceptable reason for something

   e.g.  To justify this, the author claims that---

,自己抢个沙发坐下.顺便再温习一下这些词汇.努力提高写作水平.

同义词还是相当有用的，拿走，谢了