[求助]如何判断with引导限定性修饰还是介词短语

读了一些精华贴子, 关于with的总结, 有些问题想问:

我的问题是这两个with都放在句末, 都跟的是名词, 为何一个被看成是限定性修饰, 修饰紧跟前面的名词, 而另一个却有歧义?

         首先，E最主要的错误OG上说的明白，不是with短语的问题。（提示了ETS的考核重心还是意思）

         其次，这样钻研语法可能有帮助，但是背离了ETS的指导原则：逻辑为先。我曾经和你一样花费时间纠缠语法，但是等阅读能力提高之后，发现以前总结那么多语法套路根本有些浪费。ETS本就无太多套路可言，就是逻辑意思为先

         最后，回答这个疑问

         第一个题目，with短语前面有两个名词，单纯的结构上看，一个是transplant,一个是twins，with短语可修饰transplant也可以修饰twins，但是根据逻辑意思，只可能是twins才能有相同基因，所以修饰twins

         第二个题目，with短语前面也有两个名词：company和policy，每个都可以成为with短语的修饰对象，所以可能存在一些毛病（注意ETS的表达with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company ）

         至于总结问题：到底什么时候修饰名词，什么时候作状语

         我的一点个人意见：对于ETS千万别总结那么多条条框框，完成按照逻辑意思来解题目，我们的目的是解题

         比如第2个题目的E选项，你按照英文逐字翻译为中文，你马上就能读出来with短语引起的歧义

         你尝试用同样的办法去体会ETS的SC，ETS真的不是在考语法，考也就考最粗浅的语法知识。

大侠说的是..........

可是还想弱弱地问一句: 我说的歧义不是指修饰前面的不同名词, 而是指修饰主句的谓语.

斗胆再问一句: 您是怎么提高阅读能力的啊?

       修饰谓语不就是状语吗？？

       看OG解释提高阅读能力

OG141E选现with结构是在Aside from a transplant between identical twins with the same genetic endowment这样一个状语结构里的，整个Aside from 状语修饰谓语，不存在with结构跳跃修饰谓语的情况，你问题中说with放在句末，这个选项中根本不是在句末，它被封闭在一个状语结构当中；212题侧不然。141与212不是一个类型。真正与212类似的还有：

OG113. Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the branches. whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.

(A)  saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang

(B)   saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging

(C)  saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging

(D)  seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging

(E)   seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung

大全12.        Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.

(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves

(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves

(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted

(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves（C）

(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted

大全955.        Asset allocators create portfolios, often in the form of mutual funds, with the intention to turn in good results in both “bull” and “bear” markets.

(A) with the intention

(B) the intention of which is

(C) intended

(D) and intending（C）

(E) so intended as

这几个题中with结构是独立的，存在跳跃修饰的可能性。

对。with结构在句中独立，有名词，又有谓语，才存在跳跃修饰的可能性，因此可能产生歧义。再举几个例子：

OG15. In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes mood swings. which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depreersonName>ssersonName>ive psychosis.

(A)  mood swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depreersonName>ssersonName>ive psychosis

(B)  mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depreersonName>ssersonName>ive psychosis ,

(C)  between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depreersonName>ssersonName>ive psychosis

(D)  between mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depreersonName>ssersonName>ive psychosis

(E)   genuine manic-depressive psychosis and mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease

本题当中with结构都被封闭了，不存在跳跃修饰的可能；

137. In 1982 the median income for married-couple families with a wage-earning wife was $9,000 more than a family where the husband only was employed.

(A)  a family where the husband only

(B)  of a family where only the husband

(C)  that for families in which only the husband

(D)  a family in which only the husband

(E)   those of families in which the husband only

本题当中with结构是修饰families，这一点无论从with结构的位置，还是从逻辑意思上都清楚无疑；

OG152. When the technique known as gene-splicing was invented in the early 1970's, it was feared that scien­tists might inadvertently create an "Andromeda strain," a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and it would kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it.

(A)  it would kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it

(B)   it might kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against it

(C)  kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it

(D)  kill vast numbers of humans who have no natu­ral defenses against them

(E)   kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against them

正确答案C没有用with结构，虽然OG解释没有说这里其他选项的with结构有问题，但是我相信用who引导的限制性定语从句肯定比用with结构清晰准确。

192. Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the four thousand Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which has been added English. Spanish. and Italian words.

(A)  to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words

(B)  added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words

(C)  to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added

(D)  with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it

(E)   and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian words are added

OG解释说D offers an awkward adverbial construction, which cannot be used to modify nouns.这里的关键是如果with结构修饰名词，这个名词就是with结构的逻辑宾语（这是GMAT考察with的要点之一），题干中add to后面多了it，所以是错误的，即便没有it，这个with结构也不如which从句好，with有逻辑宾语，add to 要有实际宾语，一个宾语两个用，是不是有点awkward。

56. Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.

(A)  huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport

(B)   without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya

(C)  the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel

(D)  there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya

(E)   were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters

本题当中C选项中without结构就是跳跃修饰谓语。

OG128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of pro­ducing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.

(A)  requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties

(B)   requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation

(C)  requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties

(D)  application of commercial fertilizer and irriga­tion that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties

(E)   irrigation and application of commercial fertil­izer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties

本题中without结构就是跳跃修饰谓语show。

146. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical proce­dures.

(A)  if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify

(B)   unless there will be another doctor to testify

(C)  without another doctor's testimony

(D)  should there be no testimony from some other doctor

(E)   lacking another doctor to testify

本题中without结构就是跳跃修饰谓语show。

179. During the early years of European settlement on a continent that was viewed as "wilderness" by the newcomers. Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land. were a help in the rescuing of many Pilgrims and pioneers from hardship, or even death.

(A)  Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land, were a help in the rescuing of

(B)  Native Americans knew the ecology and the land intimately and this enabled them to help in the rescue of

(C)  Native Americans, with their intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land, helped to rescue

(D)  having intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land. Native Americans helped the rescue of

(E)   knowing intimately the ecology of the land, Native Americans helped to rescue

本题中with结构就是修饰谓语。

总结一下：

一、with(out)结构如果修饰名词，这个名词就是with(out)结构的逻辑宾语；

二、with(out)结构做伴随情况状语，常常用逗号隔开（不用逗号隔开也有可能是伴随情况状语），可以跳跃修饰谓语；由于有这个属性，一般比从句要简洁明晰。

佩服佩服！！！leader牛！

我问问：这个逻辑宾语指的是什么？

我查了一下薄冰语法，我认为with是状语，是不能修饰名词的

多谢leader不吝赐教. 看了你的总结之后我有新的想法:

1. with在封闭结构中不存在修饰歧义确实没错. OG179就是一个with在封闭结构中的例子. 我认为这个with做非限制性修饰(因为前面有逗号), 修饰Native Americans. 首先, with先于谓语出现, 理解为修饰前面的名词更合理.  其次, Native Americans不可能被限制修饰, 只能是补充说明, 所以加个逗号修饰合情合理.

2. 当with不处在封闭结构之中, 而位于谓语动词及名词之后, 就会引发歧义, 只有一种情况例外: 即with不可能做限定性修饰. with修饰名词的时候是作为限定性修饰的. 但如果前面的名词不可能被限定性修饰, 即上面的OG 56, 128 , 146, with的结构就无从谈起存在歧义了, 只剩 下一种可能就是做伴随. 所以所谓的跳跃修饰不是一种选择, 而是必然.

我的结论: with只要先于谓语出现或是处在封闭结构之中, 就不存在歧义;  如果with在谓语及名词后面(通常在句尾), 就要看它前面修饰的名词是否可以被限定. 如果不可以, with就是做伴随; 如果可以, 那就有歧义.

薰衣紫草果然是功力深厚，悟我所不能悟，言我所不能言。

对于1，我基本同意 ，我和XDF的语法老师讨论了一下，意见如下：

OG179中with结构其实是独立的，没有处在封闭结构中；但是从逻辑意思上讲，这个结构是非限制性修饰Native Americans；这一点从OG对D和E的解释也可以悟到，D and E are confusingly worded because they begin with present participles (having and knowing) that appear at first to refer to the immediately preceding noun, newcomers, rather than to Native Ameri­cans.

对于2，我完全赞同，不过XDF的老师说了，我也同意，ETS是没有绝对规则的。我们总结的东西只能帮助我们理解题目，不能束缚我们解决问题。我们还需要留心其他语法现象，因为语言原本就是一个常变常新的东西。