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Exercise 40
1. The myth persists that in 1492 the Western Hemisphere was a (i)___ and
that it was European settlers who harnessed and transformed its ecosystems.
But scholarship shows that forests, in particular, had been altered to varying
degrees well before the arrival of Europeans. Native populations had (ii)___
much of the forests to successfully cultivated stands, especially by means of
burning. Nevertheless, some researchers have maintained that the extent,
frequency, and impact of such burning was (iii)___.
BLANK1 BLANK2 BLANK3
A wilderness D hesitated G superfluous
B demonstration E underestimated H considerable
C redundancy F converted I minimal
2. Burning also converted mixed stands of trees to (i )___ forest, for example
the longleaf, slash pine, and scrub oak forests of the southeastern U.S. natural
fires do account for some of this vegetation, but regular burning clearly
(ii)___ it. Burning also influenced forest composition in the tropics, where
natural fires are rare. An example is the pine - dominant forests of Nicaragua,
where warm temperatures and heavy rainfall naturally favor (iii)___ tropical
or rain forests. While there are primarily grow in cooler, drier, higher
elevations, regions where s uch vegetation is in large part natural and even
prehuman.
BLANK1 BLANK2 BLANK3
A presumptuous D meditated G controversial
B contentious E dismissed H efficacious
C homogeneous F extended I motley
3. In contrast, some critics maintain that whatever authority judicial
pronouncements have is exclusively institutional. Some of these critics go
further, claiming that intellectual authority does not really exist—i.e., it
reduces to institutional authority. But it can be (i)___ that these claims break
down when a sufficiently broad historical perspective is taken: Not all
arguments accepted by institutions withstand the test of time, and some
well - reasoned arguments never receive institutional (ii)___. The reasonable
argument that goes unrecognized in its own time because it (iii)___
institutional beliefs is common in intellectual history; intellectual authority
and institutional consensus are not the same thing.
BLANK1 BLANK2 BLANK3
A countered D predictability H revised
B emulated E imprimatur G challenges
C appreciated F accumulation I delimited
4. While right - to - work laws may not “destroy” unions by (i)___ the absolute
number of unionized workers, they do (ii)___ the spread of unions and
thereby (iii)___ wages within right- to - work states.
BLANK1 BLANK2 BLANK3
A abating D precipitate G underprice
B inflating E delay H reduce
C downgrading F impede I blow up
5. Among the factors that (i )___ the competitiveness of integrated producers
are excessive labor, energy, and capital costs, as well as manufacturing
(ii)___: their equipment is old and less automated, and does not (iii)___
many of the latest refinement in steelmaking technology.
BLANK1 BLANK2 BLANK3
A incorporate D inflexibility G amalgamate
B constrain E stability H intertwine
C are peripheral to F tradition I incorporate
6. Nonprofessional women are concentrated in secretarial work and
department store sales, where their (i)___ can be covered easily by
substitutes and where they can enter and leave the work force with (ii)___
loss, since the jobs offer so little personal gain: indeed, as long as family
roles continue to be allocated on the basis of gender, women will be seriously
(iii)___ in that labor market.
BLANK1 BLANK2 BLANK3
A absences D consequential G privileged
B salaries E material H insolvent
C sufferings F minute I disadvantaged
7. Political theorists have been (i)___ of these applications of classical theory
to the civil rights movement. Their arguments rest on the conviction that,
implicitly, the classical theory trivializes the political ends of movement
participants, (ii)___ rather on presumed psychological dys functions:
reduction of complex social situations to simple (iii)___ of stimulus and
response obviates the relevance of all but the shortest - term analysis.
BLANK1 BLANK2 BLANK3
A suspect D reproaching G attention
B dismissive E focusing H theory
C adhesive F relying I paradigms
8. It is this (i)___ characteristic, Dahl argues, that makes polyarchy the
nearest possible approximation to the democratic ideal.  olyarchy achieves
this diffusion of power through party (ii)___ and the operation of pressure
groups. Competing for votes, parties seek to offer different sections of the
electorate what they most want; they do not ask what the (iii)___ thinks of an
issue, but what policy commitments will sway the electoral decisions of
particular groups.
BLANK1 BLANK2 BLANK3
A indistinguishable D resurrection G suspension
B irreconcilable E competition H majority
C centrifugal F enthusiasm I stimulation
9. Many critics pointed to a gap between the model and the reality of
Western political systems. They argued that the (i)___ of power resources
other than the vote was so (ii)___ that the political order systematically gave
added weight to those who were already richer or organizationally more
powerful. So the power of some groups to exclude issues altogether from the
political agenda effectively countered any (iii)___ of influence on
decision- making.
BLANK1 BLANK2 BLANK3
A tribulation D uneven G reinforcement
B distribution E various H independence
C appreciation F superficial I diffusion
10. To critics (i)___ to the style of fifteenth- century narrative paintings by
Italian artists from Tuscany, the Venetian examples of narrative paint ings
with religious subjects that Patricia Fortini Brown analyzes in a recent book
will come as a great surprise. While the Tuscan paintings present large- scale
figures, clear narratives, and (ii)___ settings, the Venetians filled their
pictures with (iii) ___ and elaborate building, in addition to a wealth of
carefully observed anecdotal detail often irrelevant to the paintings’ principal
subjects—the religious stories they narrate.
BLANK1 BLANK2 BLANK3
A accustomed D embellished G dozens of small figures
B critical E simple H scattered vivid figures
C tailored F elegant I spontaneous exaggerate figures |
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发表于 2011-12-30 09:18:11
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