求NN们帮助：OG里Diagnostic Test 的两个问题#39 & #49

1. #39

According to scholars, the earliest writing was probably not a direct rendering of speech,
but was more likely to begin as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.

A. was more likely to begin as
B. more than likely began as,
C. more than likely beginning from
D. it was more than likely begun from
E. it was more likely that it began

请问：答案B

• Sth was probably not a direct rendering of speech, but more than likely began as... -- 本题的not…, but… 组合的parallelism有点奇怪吧？不是not...but...必须要平行否则是correctness的错误吗？

牛牛们， 帮帮忙解释解释

#49

As an actress, and more importantly as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro.
(A) Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including
(B) Stella Adler, one of the most influential artists in the American theater, trained several generations of actors who include
(C) Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, training several generations of actors whose ranks included
(D) one of the most influential artists in the American theater was Stella Adler, who trainer several generations of actors including
(E) one of the most influential artists in the American theater, Stella, Adler, trained several generations of actors whose ranks included

请问： 关于A错的问题（答案C）

1. A里边， including为什么是修饰generations of actors （答案里这样讲）而不是修饰actors呢？including 此时不是修饰紧挨着的词么？
2. 另外， including此时是限制性修饰对吧？是不是应该加个逗号， 变成非限制性的？
3. 还有， who通过逻辑分析， 应该能看出是指Stella吧？难不成theater还能train actors? 定语从句的指代不是应该从逻辑角度出发么？请看最下边#114，which很明显没有指代cedar而指代canoe， 为什么#49的who会变成歧义， 让人以为它在修饰theater呢？
4. C里边， whose ranks included是限制性还是非限制性呢？我觉得应该是非限制性，但应该前边有个逗号吧？
5. 最后,请帮我比较并解释下边这个（略加修改）...trained several actors including...和...trained several actors whose ranks included...哪个好？

#114.From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
(A) baggage so light (B) baggage being so light  (C) baggage, yet being so light  (D) baggage, and so light (E) baggage yet was so light

说一下第一个，我不太确定理解没有你的问题...试一下

be not,but be 这个平行熟悉么，其实这个就是be not,but do

因为not 只能放在be 的后面，句子的平行和名词的平行都是这种形式

你觉得B不好在哪里呢

下一个题，

1.不太清楚

2.including是个介词，确实见到的都是做非限制性的成分,一般都加逗号

3，参考1，非限制性定语从句不能跳过谓语来修饰，据个例子

C is A of B, who

who可以修饰A或B，看句意，但是修饰不了C，这是我自己总结的，在以前的讨论里也得到些确认，你参考一下

4.我觉得啊，whose ranks included ...表达的意思和 逗号加including一样

但用including 不管加不加逗号都有修饰generation 的歧义（我觉得是有些）

我觉得whose ranks included 虽然是限制性的形式，但是表达了一个非限制性的意思，主要是就一个ranks起到的作用，和who included 表达的意思不同，体会一下吧...我表达不太清楚

5.后者好

lijiahui,

#39，其实我觉得B不平行。

1. 我根本不知道， be not, but do（be),...这个平行， 在那里介绍的啊？多给点info被？

2. 我其它的朋友说此题前边并不是not...but...， 此题只是一个转折连词"but" 你怎么看？

转折连词的意思好像有点不对， 不是“不是。。。而是。。。”好吧？但你一定帮我解释一下“1”

#49，

3. 麻烦你再elaborate一下

参考1，非限制性定语从句不能跳过谓语来修饰，据个例子 ：C is A of B, who， who可以修饰A或B，看句意，但是修饰不了C，这是我自己总结的，在以前的讨论里也得到些确认，你参考一下

4. including为什么有修饰generation的歧义啊？

A of B + v-ing, v-ing可以修饰B也可以修饰A吗？ 我一直以为此时 v-ing只能修饰B？请指教！令， 答案说including是修饰"A of B"整个结构的，什么意思

39#
1.not...but...事实上was和began是平行的，其他的想more than likely都是副词结构。
2.对应于前面的probaly，用more than likely笔more likely更加合适。more likely是更有可能，含有比较的意思。

49#
1，2，4.确实要加上逗号改为非限制才合理。A里面including逻辑上也可以修饰generations，或许这是问题所在吧，因为Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro是不同时代的人，如果是修饰generations，中文可以理解为白兰度的那代和德尼罗的那代。
3.who是有歧义的，因为the most influential artists也同样可以trained several generation of actors. who离Stella Adler太远了，中间还隔了被称为"大山"的谓语动词，而114题里面which与canoe之间并没有谓语动词，指代并没有什么问题。
5.前者就可以了，whose ranks是为了避免引起修饰generations的歧义才略显"累赘"般地加进来的，即然消除了generations，那么whose ranks也可以剔除。

版主果然是牛人，

#39，

但是was在not前啊？ 不是应该not 后， 和but 后应该平行么？这里not 后是个名词， but后是个动词啊？

#49，

不好意思， 我还是希望可以generalize一下 这里分词的考点，

1. including这里是v-ing还是介词？

2. A of B +　v-ing 此时ving 为什么可以修饰A或B？这是真正语法规律么？

3. A of B +, v-ing 此时 ving为什么只修饰B而不修饰A? 这是真正语法规律么？

#39：be动词习惯性在否定词前面，所以也可以视作not be.
#49：including这里作为介词。including既可以做p.p.也可以做Prep.区别在于前者作逗号前面名词的修饰语，后者作为状语。

没有听过这样的语法规律。只是记得以前也有过题目有人指出including通常修饰的是逗号前面的名词短语的核心词。个人认为或许是including兼有动词词性的缘故。(就像主谓宾，如果主语是名词短语，那我们判断主谓一致时肯定是看名词短语的核心词。)