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[SC总结] 非常非常纠结的逗号+ing,总算有了点眉目啊!!~

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楼主
发表于 2015-7-21 11:03:14 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
当现在分词在句尾且前有逗号时,修饰邻近句子的主语,做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果。因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词. 如果要修饰句尾的名词,不能用现在分词修饰,因为会造成分词修饰前一句主语的歧义;而应该用定语从句修饰句末的名词。但是,也存在例外,including x 则是相当于一个介词短语用来修饰前面的名词而非前面句子的主语。
Ron的解释-comma+participle
this sort of modifier should actually satisfy TWO requirements:
1) it should apply most nearly to the subject of the preceding clause (as you've said); and, even more importantly,
2) it should have one of the following RELATIONSHIPS to that clause:
* immediate consequence
* simultaneous, but lower-priority, action
一、表伴随状语时:(simultaneous, but lower-priority, action)
**分词的逻辑主语为句子的主语
**两个动作同时发生
如果产生了时间断层,绝对不可能伴随动作,因为需要同时发生,如果一个时态是过去时,一个是现在时(now,不能使用现在分词形式表伴随。(出现过去和现在的情况,重点肯定是在现在的情况上)
**ing的动作和主句动作之间有关系,ing的动作修饰主句的动作
Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be enrolled in lower-end insurance plans that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients, spending less time with each.
Plans的作用是impose and require,对医疗服务有严格的要求,要求医生看更多的病人、在每个病人身上花更少的时间,spending修饰的是see这个动作,表示医生如何看更多的病人,通过每个花更少的时间,这里说明逗号加Ing形式不一定是要修饰大主句的主语和动作(在这里是unnion members)也可以修饰最近的主语加动作(在这里是doctors see
Carefully coordinating them with her narratives, Beatrix Potter capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world. 这样的句子也是错误的,表示伴随不是只要同时发生即可的,而是需要两者之间是有关系的,ing形式修饰动词是如何发生的,在这里,整合叙述和利用其对大自然的热爱没有任何关系,所以不应该用Ing形式表示伴随
如果前面的主句是主系表结构,那么后面的逗号+ing形式则不能够表示伴随作状语修饰,因为前面没有动词给他修饰(这是一般情况,也有例外)
Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, covering more than four times the surface area of its closest rival in size, North America's Lake Superior.这里的covering表示伴随,说明C是怎么大的,逻辑主语就是C,说明即使前面不是主谓宾结构,后面也可以表示伴随,关键是要看语意上是不是同时发生,ing形式修饰前面的句子,做补充说明
二、表伴随结果时:(immediate consequence)
修饰的是前面的一整句话,但是分词还是需要和主句的主语make sense,因为作为一个动作,分词也需要一个动作的发出者
I dropped the bags onto the floor, scaring the dogs.
––> i didn't directly scare the dogs. rather, my dropping the bags scared the dogs.
here's the key question: if you had to assign responsibility for the __ing to someone/something, then to what/whom would you assign it?
that should be the subject.
in the example above, the responsibility would be most directly placed on me, so "I" is the subject.
in your 2nd example>
Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property prices.
if you have to assign responsibility/causality to a THING, then that thing is ... crime, which caused the rise in property values by decreasing.
所以,现在分词的动作和主语make sense并不是说要主语就要是动作的发出者,而是主语要对现在分词的这个结果负责。我要对吓到狗狗负责,犯罪要对财产价值的上升负责(通过下降),因为是犯罪的改变导致的财产价值的上升。
错误句子:
At some point in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers.
错误的原因:应该是event要为人类数量的减少负责,而并非是祖先,所以不能用ancestors做主语。

求指正!!~
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沙发
发表于 2015-7-22 04:06:16 | 只看该作者
15. comma + V-ing做结果状语的二三解释
Ron: It modifies the entire action of the preceding clause, and it applies to the subject of that clause.
V-ing修饰整个动作,同时也与句子主语相匹配。

eg. The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area. (正确)

In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals, ranking third of all the competing countries. (正确)

At some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers. (可能不正确,reducing和主句的主语不搭)

The window was broken by Joe, angering his father. (不正确)

更新:
OG13-115错误选项:Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil field of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating international disputes over uninhabited islands. (不正确)
comma + V-ing做结果状语,但是与主句主语不搭,错误!

更新:
Ron:

the "comma + ing" modifier should only be used when:

(A)
it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clause, and it APPLIES TO THE SUBJECT of that clause;

AND

(B)
one of the following is true:
(1) the "ing" action is SIMULTANEOUS with the main action;
- i ran down the sidewalk, flapping my arms wildly
(2) the "ing" action is a DIRECT CONSEQUENCE of the main action.
- i got a 100 on the most recent exam, bringing my average up to 91

other examples:

Joe ran down the sidewalk, flailing his arms.
--> correct (simultaneous)

My cousin took extra classes every semester in college, graduating in three years.
--> correct, because the "ing" is an actual consequence of the first action.

My cousin ate frozen food every day in college, graduating in three years.
--> incorrect, because there is no relationship (in particular, the second thing is not a consequence of the first thing, and isn't simultaneous either).
板凳
发表于 2015-7-22 04:06:58 | 只看该作者
LS是我搜集和总结的
LZ看看是不是和你的观点一致
地板
 楼主| 发表于 2015-7-22 09:33:04 | 只看该作者
zbyloveinter 发表于 2015-7-22 04:06
LS是我搜集和总结的
LZ看看是不是和你的观点一致

是一致的~就是这句话 At some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers. 确定是错的,我在RON的解释里面看到了,因为ancestors做后面现在分词的逻辑主语不合理,这里应该是用定语从句修饰event~
5#
发表于 2015-9-22 09:37:56 | 只看该作者
楼主,He walked into the classroom, seeing his teacher. 这样的句子对不对呀?
6#
 楼主| 发表于 2015-9-22 12:35:42 | 只看该作者
小青不是一条蛇 发表于 2015-9-22 09:37
楼主,He walked into the classroom, seeing his teacher. 这样的句子对不对呀?

逻辑主语上来看是He,但是我总感觉这个句子怪怪的><,感觉walk和see应该是有先后的动作不?and连接两个动词是不是更好一点呀
7#
发表于 2015-9-22 21:07:35 | 只看该作者
lizzykin 发表于 2015-9-22 12:35
逻辑主语上来看是He,但是我总感觉这个句子怪怪的>

我问了一个外国朋友,人家和我讲这样不对。。理由是这样造成歧义,动作发出者一般是就近原则。但是我感觉如果用ron的方法又好像是说的通的。不过这句句子我自己编的,所以我自己也吃不准。
8#
发表于 2016-5-29 22:02:10 | 只看该作者
小青不是一条蛇 发表于 2015-9-22 09:37
楼主,He walked into the classroom, seeing his teacher. 这样的句子对不对呀?

see his teacher 感觉有歧义
9#
发表于 2016-9-30 16:53:06 | 只看该作者
歧义可能是seeing在这里是表达 看着他的老师 还是 看到了他的老师。如果是说看着他的老师,用watching更好,因为see据说是个瞬时动词,而如果表达看到,更好一点用noticing吧
10#
发表于 2017-6-26 14:26:48 | 只看该作者
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