由一道ZT想到的

关于of的问题,昨天晚上想了很多,认为

A of B, C, and D of E不会产生歧义

首先,在这个结构里大家对D of E 和 A of B, C或有些人认为可能产生的A of (B,C)平行应该没有异议吧?

那么认为会产生歧义的朋友其主要观点是不知道到底是A of (B,C) 还是(A of B), C, 可是我认为A of (B,C), 即在of后又有一个B和c的平行是不可能的,因为根据ets的平行原理,平行事物的最后一项前面都需要加上and才成立,如果在A of (B,C)里B和C是平行的,那么必须加上and

Ａof B and C还是A of B, C ?

注意在这种两个elements平行的情况下是不可能出现Ａof B, C的情况的,因为两个elements中间必须要有and才能符合平行的原理. 此时如果想要表达B和C不平行隶属于of的意思,最好的办法是将之改为C and A of Ｂ,否则就产生了歧义,最好的解释是og128

A of B, C, and D

这是一个最可怕的形式, 因为D前加了and,所以乍看上去CD是可能和B平行的,如果想要不至于产生歧义,最好的方法是改成C, D and A of B

关于平行事物冠词是否统一加或不加的问题

我找到了一些较权威资料,供大家参考:

A basic guideline about parallel constructions is to make sure that all the elements in a balanced pair or in a series have the same grammatical form. That is, if you start with a that-clause, stick with that-clauses; if you start with an infinitive, stick with infinitives; if you start with a participle, stick with participles; and so on. What you don’t want is a mixed bag, as in She had a strong desire to pursue medicine and for studying literature or The scientist asked for volunteers with allergies but who had not given blood recently.

A second point is to make sure that once you have chosen the kind of grammatical forms you want to make parallel, you structure them symmetrically. Remember that an initial article, preposition, auxiliary verb, or modifier will tend to govern all elements in the series unless it is repeated for each element. For example, if you set up a series of nouns with the first modified by an adjective, the reader will expect the adjective to modify the rest of the series as well. Thus you should say The building has new lighting, plumbing, and carpeting but not The building has new lighting, plumbing, and different carpeting. The same is true for articles: He brought the rod, reel, and bait. If you want to restrict a modifier to only one noun, repeat the article for each noun: He brought the light rod, the reel, and the bait.

Similarly, if you introduce a series of nouns with a single preposition, readers will expect that preposition to govern all the nouns: He sent the letter to the provost, the dean, and the student who won the scholarship. With contrastive conjunctions, it’s best to repeat the preposition: He sent the letter to the provost and the dean but not to the student or his parents. An auxiliary verb will govern all the verbs in the series unless you construct each verb phrase separately: We will always value her contributions, admire her fortitude, and wish her the best.

大家可以注意到红色划线部分认为,如果要加冠词,那么必须在每个名词前都加冠词,我想这是很有道理的,因为要保持平行.(由此D的冠词产生问题)

题外话,如果GGMM看到这里,那么我要郑重感谢你,因为你花了那么长时间看我罗嗦. 其实我只是希望自己的一些想法能够与大家分享,更希望藉此抛砖引玉,引出更权威的解释来.

郑重声明本篇关于of的部分是个人看法,除了第二条有白纸黑字的og撑腰外,其它的都显得较为嬴弱,有待理论和实例的检验, 大家姑且看之,也欢迎大家以反例批评或以正例支持. 不过关于形容词和冠词的问题, 因为有权威语法书的支持, 我认为还可以以此为据,狐假虎威一把吧, 哈哈

不好!快要到第二页去了

我辛苦总结的,大家给点意见嘛,批评也好啊.. 总好过不明不白地...

啊呀，别急，偶帮你顶！

本来还想休息两天，看到mm的帖子，就忍不住要看

但是你知道，偶已经晕得差不多了，所以反应比较慢

不要哭，我很佩服mm的钻研精神，感谢！

记得讨论过这题，忘了答案了。

最早我觉得是B，现在看还是D好。觉得BC都没有歧义。confidentiality是和整个dramatically reduced costs平行，因为之间没有and，不能把单独的costs和 confidentiality看成一个系列，所以dramaticall reduced的帽子戴不到confidentiality头上。

冠词的问题真是长了见识。但我觉得整个句子有泛指的意味，所以没加冠词。

很精彩！

除了文章长点，其他都挺好的。。大家没啥反应说明是大家都觉得无懈可击吧？？嘿嘿嘿嘿~~偶的语法菜菜的。。只能是拥戴你的结果哦~~~

支持~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

首先，向marie mm的钻研精神致敬！

其次，谢谢mm提供并分享权威资料！

接下来，谈谈我看了各位大N的高见后的最新认识：

让我们从最初的模型结构开始吧：

A of B, C, and D of E，我认为这种结构是有歧义的，可能的理解有三种：
（下划线表示并列成分）

1. A of (B, C, and D) of E，这里（）内的我们可以看成一个大项后，请看这面这个例子，大全-16-答案A
A number of linguists contend that all of the thousands of languages spoken by the world’s
                                                   A         ( )                     E
five billion people can be traced back to a common root language.

这种不看of E, 就是 marie 说的：
A of B, C, and D 这是一个最可怕的形式, 因为D前加了and,所以乍看上去CD是可能和B平行的,如果想要不至于产生歧义,最好的方法是改成C, D and A of B

2. A of B, C, and D of E   这种大家应没有疑义吧！

3. A of ( B, C, and D of E ）这种应该也可以吧！

结论：A of B, C, and D of E的表达方法是会产生歧义的，解决方法有两种：
1. 不使用
2. 用定语从句限定后，通过从句中的谓语的单复数避免歧义的产生。

下面根据上面的结论，再来看看本主题中的例题：

Corporations have found a resonably quick resolution of disputes, confidentiality, and dramatically reduced costs are the advantages of settling differences privately by using mediators rather than the courts.
由于A，E选项排除大家都没问题，就直接看B，C，D：

(B)that dramatic reduction of costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
很显然B，有下列三种理解：
  1. that dramatic reduction of (costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution) of disputes
  2. that dramatic reduction of costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
  3. that dramatic reduction of (costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes)

(C)that dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
C有下列两种理解：
   1. that dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution of disputes
   2. that (dramatically reduced costs, confidentiality, and resonably quick resolution) of disputes

这样只有D选项对了：
(D)that confidentiality, dramatically reduced costs, and a resonably quick resolution of disputes

这里我想重申的是：
D里面这三个并列项都是泛指，

confidentiality：抽象名词，单独使用即前用零冠词，泛指一类事物；
dramatically reduced costs：复数表一类事物；不用限定词；
resolution：若作为可数名词时，不可以单独使用，一定要加限定词，加a 表示泛指。意思明确。若不加a，由于resolution 本身的特殊性，即可以是可数，又可以是不可数，反倒会引起歧义。

最后，特别想说的是，如果严格按照下面的权威说法，没有一个是正确的！大家可以通过每个选项是否都有修饰词，或可以公用一个修饰词来判断。

A basic guideline about parallel constructions is to make sure that all the elements in a balanced pair or in a series have the same grammatical form. That is, if you start with a that-clause, stick with that-clauses; if you start with an infinitive, stick with infinitives; if you start with a participle, stick with participles; and so on.

A second point is to make sure that once you have chosen the kind of grammatical forms you want to make parallel, you structure them symmetrically. Remember that an initial article, preposition, auxiliary verb, or modifier will tend to govern all elements in the series unless it is repeated for each element. For example, if you set up a series of nouns with the first modified by an adjective, the reader will expect the adjective to modify the rest of the series as well. Thus you should say The building has new lighting, plumbing, and carpeting but not The building has new lighting, plumbing, and different carpeting. The same is true for articles: He brought the rod, reel, and bait. If you want to restrict a modifier to only one noun, repeat the article for each noun: He brought the light rod, the reel, and the bait.

最后，我觉得 gigi 的 in > and > of，偶如果没有记错，一定是有它的适用范围的。高中英文语法。现在苦于没有确切资料核对。之好等 gigi 回来再深入讨论。

再贴一下关于resolution的longman中的解释：

2▶SOLUTION◀
[singular,uncountable] when someone solves a problem, argument, or difficult situation
resolution of
a forum for the resolution of commercial disputes

大家注意到了吗？既可以是不可数名词：resolution，又可以是单数名词：a resolution
偶的理解就是：做“解决”解释的时候，可以有上面两种用法，没有resolutions的用法

(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties
(B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation
(C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties
(D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties（E）
(E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties

Choice E, the best answer, clearly and grammatically expresses the idea that two costly procedures, irrigation and the application of... fertilizer, were required by earlier high-yielding varieties of rice. In A, the placement of by earlier... varieties immediately after application of fertilizer suggests that the varieties applied the fertilizer. In B and D, the phrase application of... fertilizer and irrigation is ambiguous in meaning: it cannot be clearly determined whether applying fertilizer and irrigating are a single operation or two distinct operations. In C, only irrigation—not both irrigation and fertilization—is clearly associated with the earlier... varieties of rice.

application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation
1. a single operation:           application of (commercial fertilizer and irrigation)
2. two distinct operations:   (application of commercial fertilizer) and (irrigation)

大家再比较一下偶在上面的帖子了说的，只是把并列项扩展到了三项

lesMM, 我认为of结构里不会有逗号

我的意思是不可能是(a of b, c ,and d) of e,这样的话,那个of e是干什么的?