更新:刚刚看了一篇非常极其无敌好的帖子!!!暴力推荐!
V-ing和which用法总结
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刚刚看了Ron男神的一期视频,里面提到了comma+Ving可否修饰touching noun的问题,Ron男神的解释令我自惭形秽,想到这篇班门弄斧的总结,还号称为【终极】,真是恨不得找个地洞钻进去。
不禁想到紫草前辈那篇心经,她那是一种与OG天人合一的境界,能够把一切技巧,一切题目化繁为简,化简为无;而我却在这里化简为繁。太惭愧了。
我就不说废话了,下面是Ron男神的解释:
问题:
Can the comma+ing ever modify the touching noun?
Ron答:
If the modifier comes after a clause, then NO.
If it just follows a noun(NOT a clause), then YES.
e.g. The injured birds, flapping their wings frantically, searched for a safe place to land.
Over.
是的就这么简单。
我下面写的一大堆,是从语法上去严谨地解释这个现象,但是对于应付考试来说其实太过了。感兴趣这个语法点的同学可以仔细看看,否则就看看总结+做题方法+几个例题就好,答案在二楼。
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最近钻研这个问题十分费劲,主要是逗号+Ving在句末的情况很折磨我,在看了一些帖子和思考一些OG题之后,写了一下Ving做修饰的用法总结。本人小白,水平十分有限,请大家批判性阅读,如有错误还请不吝赐教,一起讨论,完善本帖~
Ving
无逗号时,形容词性结构,做定语就近修饰前面的名词;
有逗号时,副词性结构,用法见下
一、在句末时 A does/is B, Ving.
1.作状语(逻辑主语是主句的主语)
a.表伴随动作(do)/状态(is),表与主句动词同时发生的动作 /与主句的状态有逻辑关系
b.表结果,表主句动作/状态带来的结果(即因果关系)
修饰的是主句的动作/状态,但也要适用于主句的主语(即主句主语可以做出V这个动作)。
再强调一下,修饰的是主句的动作/状态,不能因为主句主语可以做出V这个动作就认为修饰正确,关键是Ving modifier要和主句的动作/状态有逻辑联系。
【A dose B(主句表示动作)的例句】
【例句1】My brother cycled to school everyday, graduating a year earlier than his classmates.
【解释】错误,骑车去学校和提前毕业之间没有逻辑关系。
【例句2】My brother studied a lot on senior courses everyday, graduating a year earlier than his classmates.
【解释】正确,每天学习很多高年级的课程,所以可以提前毕业,有逻辑关系。
【A is B(主句表示状态)的例句】
【例句1】Tom Holland is my boyfriend, living in London.
【解释】错误,Tom是my boyfriend和他住在伦敦这两件事之间没有逻辑关系。
【例句2】My boyfriend Tom is a great lover, caring so much about me.
【解释】正确,正因为他很在乎我,他才是一个great lover,有逻辑关系。
2.作后置定语?(这是个问句!解释在后面!)
即修饰逗号前紧邻的名词。那么到底能不能这么用呢?这个问题比较麻烦,下面会详细讨论。
二、在句中时 A, Ving, does/is B.
其实就是把在句末的“,Ving”挪到了句中主语的后面。仍然修饰A does/is B 这个动作/状态,A是其逻辑主语。
在句中作为【表伴随】的状语,即
【例句】Tom, holding a textbook, stood on the playground.
【解释】这里holding a textbook做副词修饰(伴随)stand这个动作,句子强调的是Tom是抱着一本书地站在操场上,而不是啥都不拿随便站站。
在句中作为【表结果】的状语是很不优的结构,即
【例句】My brother, graduating a year earlier than his classmates, studied a lot on senior courses everyday.
【解释】按理说,提前毕业是每天学习的结果,却被放在了每天学习的前面,读起来有因果倒置之感。本人没有见过SC题里有这种用法的,不知是否算错误,只能说它不优。希望能有NN对这一点做出解释呀!!!!
三、在句首时 Ving, A dose/is B.
和置于句中的情况一样,修饰后面主句的动作/状态,但必须要能适用于主句的主语。
啰嗦一句,这个考点非常常见。很多人理解为Ving修饰主句主语,但其实“,Ving”作为副词性modifier是不能修饰主语(noun)的。它修饰的是主句的动作,只不过主句主语是这个V的逻辑主语,所以主句主语必须要能做出V这个动作。这也是为什么很多人将Ving理解为修饰主句主语,也可以正确排除选项的原因。
下面是对于“,Ving”到底能不能做后置定语的解释
先放结论:严格来说,不行。
为啥呢?从语法上说,“,Ving”是副词性结构,当然不可以做定语修饰名词了。
确实,这样的解释是make sense的,但是也非常及其的low,因为做SC死记硬背语法规则是最次最次的境界了!
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说到这里我就忍不住在进入正题之前啰嗦几句。这是我对SC存在意义的终极思考,从根本上改变了我的SC做题思维!
请各位xdjm思考一下,语法规则是如何产生的?
语言是人类交流的工具,为什么这个工具会有特定的使用规则?因为在长远的语言使用历史中,一些表达方式被实践证明是最简单直接没有歧义的,这些通过「物竞天择 适者生存」筛选出来的表达方式就构成了如今的语法规则。
因此,记忆语法规则去判断句子是否正确是本末倒置的行为;正确的行为应该是思考为什么这么表达才是最优的,如果换一种表达方式会怎么样,从而理解为什么这个语法规则只能是这样的(为什么“,Ving”是副词性修饰,为什么不能是形容词性的?)
从这个角度去理解Grammar,你就会恍然大悟SC里句意的重要性。任何语法规则都是基于句意才产生的,抛开句意谈语法都是耍流氓!
这也是为什么语感很好的人(native speaker)有时靠直觉就可以选出正确答案,因为那些错误答案看起来就很不像能够通过实践检验的最优表达呀!
那么我们作为合格的CDers当然要从MEANING的角度去解读啦!(啰嗦完毕)
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从句意上说,用“,Ving”做后置定语会引发巨大的歧义,所以人们从来不用它做后置定语,所以它才成为了一个副词性结构。
A does B,Ving的结构中,Ving到底修饰的是前面紧邻的名词(逻辑主语是紧邻的名词),还是前面的句子的动作(逻辑主语为句子主语)?
【例句】In the movie Avengers: infinity war, Tom Holland plays Spiderman, inspiring a lot of children.
【解释】这里到底是说spiderman激励了很多孩子(去帮助他人),还是说Tom扮演spiderman这件事本身激励了很多孩子(的演员梦)?好像都可以make sense。
【例句】Tom Holland is a gentleman, living in London.
【解释】这里到底是想单纯的表达Tom是一位住在London的gentleman,还是想说Tom住在London和他是gentleman之间有逻辑关系(比如作者认为住在伦敦的人更有可能是gentleman),令人疑惑。
那可能你要问了,那要怎么修饰句尾的名词呢?很简单,用定语从句,简单明了,绝无歧义。
【例句】In the movie Avengers: infinity war, Tom Holland plays Spiderman, who inspires a lot of children.
【解释】这句话的意思就十分明确了吧,就是spiderman激励了孩子。
【例句】Tom Holland is a gentleman, who lives in London.
【解释】同上,没有歧义了。
也正是因为有定语从句这种更好的表达方式,追求完美句子的GMAC老头们才不会用“,Ving”这种有歧义的表达方式去修饰前面的名词呢。
Actually,这是一个考点哦,如下:附上一题来解释GMAC对于“逗号+Ving做后置定语修饰紧邻名词引起的ambiguity”的考察 (Source:OG2019 SC#753)
753. The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
(A) include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is (B) include the animal known as the killer whale, growing as big as 30 feet long and (C) include the animal known as the killer whale, growing up to 30 feet long and being (D) includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow as big as 30 feet long and is (E) includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and it is
正确答案是A。其中OG对于B选项的解释是 Changing the verb to the participial growing introduces ambiguity, because it could refer back to the subject of the sentence. 这说明GMAT官方所认为的和我上面的解释一样:“,Ving”置于句末修饰前面名词会引起巨大的ambiguity,定语从句才是这种情况下完美的表达。 GMAC老头肯定会选择完美的表达,然后将有问题的表达作为迷惑选项。希望你看到这里能彻底明白这个点,再也不掉进老头们的陷阱里~
此外,还记得我刚刚说的是“严格来说,不行”吗? 因为在一种特殊情况下,“,Ving”可以作定语修饰前面的名词——当那个逗号属于同位语时。 【例句】I took a picture of Tom Holland, a famous Britsh actor, waving his hand to fans. 【解释】这句话中,“, a famous Britsh actor, ”(注意包括逗号!)是同位语;waving修饰的是Tom Holland,那个逗号是同位语的一部分,和waving半毛钱关系都没有。也就是说这种情况下,其实并没有“,Ving”这个语法现象,只是同位语的逗号刚好出现在了Ving前面罢了。
好了下面我来总结一下以上所有内容: Ving前面没有逗号时:做形容词就近修饰名词 Ving前面有逗号时:做副词修饰句子的动作,必须满足两个条件:1.主句主语可以做出V这个动作 2.Ving和主句有逻辑关系(伴随或因果)
为什么“,Ving”不能做后置定语呢?因为: 1. 有歧义 2.定语从句是更好的表达方式 特殊情况:当“,Ving”的逗号属于同位语结构的逗号时,Ving作为后置定语(跳过同位语)修饰紧邻的名词。
以上内容做题时怎么用: 为了更多人看到本帖,参与讨论并一起完善,此处设置回复可见啦! Step1:看到了 “,Ving”
Step2:跟主句动词有没有逻辑关系?主句主语能不能做这个V?
-若都OK,则正确,继续寻找其他Splits
-若有一个不OK或都不OK,则错误,排除该选项
是的没错,我写了这么多东西,最后总结成方法论只有这么简单的两步(而且第一步都不能算是一步0.0) 但是这简单的两步背后的方法逻辑是很重要的!我写了那么多呢!只有理解了逻辑才能灵活使用!
Anyway,修饰的考察归根究底考的是句意,将以上基于逻辑的语法规则理解(注意是理解不是记忆!),做题时与句意结合起来判断,排除错误选项非常之快。
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如果你看到这里还是模模糊糊,推荐去看前辈的一篇帖子,这篇帖子给了我很大的启发,本帖也参考了很多这篇帖子https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-860014-1-1.html
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下面放两题经典的逗号+Ving题目,大家可以自测一下是否真的理解了~答案放二楼
【题目一】 Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.
(A)Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering (B)Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ended shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber (C)Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that ends shortly before Emily’s death in 1886 and outnumbering (D)Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering (E)Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber
【题目二】
About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displacing grasses and other cattle food and rendering rangeland worthless.
(A) States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displacing grasses and other cattle food and rendering
(B) States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia, with milky sap, that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food, rendering
(C) States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia having milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle and displacing grasses and other cattle food, rendering
(D) States, having been invaded by leafy spurge,
a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displaces grasses and other cattle food, and renders
(E) States, having been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia that has milky sap giving mouth sores to cattle and displacing grasses and other cattle food, rendering
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