Prep1-33, Prep1-57, 对Prep 笔记的疑问

33. More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake
    Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
   

(A)More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake
   Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.

B. With 20 percent of the world's fresh water, that is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake
   Baikal has more than 300 rivers that drain into it.

C. Siberia's Lake
   Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, it holds more of the world's fresh water than all that of the North American Great Lakes combined, 20 percent.

D. While more than 300 rivers drain into it, Siberia's Lake
   Baikal holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, which is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.

E. More than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake
   Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water.

选A, Prep 笔记上说，原句是more than all the North American Lakes是同位语，修饰20 percent of the world's fresh water, 而D中的which，则指 fresh water。

我认为，more than...应该是形容词短语，作为修饰语后置，此处，修饰20 percent of the world's fresh water，是不是说明形容词短语（或者说同位语）可以修饰相邻词的中心词？？

The Anasazi settlements at Chaco
     Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were connected by a complex regional system of roads.

(A) with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were

(B) with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each,

(C) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each that had been

(D) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms and with each

(E) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms each had been

选B, Prep 笔记上认为，C中的each 指代rooms, 所以有逻辑错误，那么是不是说明，同位语的指代，仅指相邻词？？

综上所述，强烈呼吁NN解答，关于修饰语的指代范围：

1. 同位语是否可以指代相邻词的中心词？

2. 形容词修饰语是否可以指代相邻词的中心词？

我不是NN，只是觉得这两道题挺有意思，所以看了一下。

我觉得是修饰短语的重心（也就是中心词）比较确切。

33题，20 percent of the world's fresh water
        可以硬性地说20percent是中心词（A of B-重心在前面），后面要跟一个修饰范围更大的同位语而不是局部的定语从句。D的非限定性定语从句修饰这样一个A of B（重心在前面A）的短语是不清晰的，OG有一道例子（没有电子版所以我手敲的）：
In 1995 Richar Stallman testified in Patent Office hearings that xxx had managed to win a patent for one of Kirchhoff's laws, an observation about electric current....
        （A）
            

(B) laws, which was an observation about electric current...

OG对B的解释是，which is ambigious because it could refer to one or to laws;而A - (an observation...) that follows one of Kirchhoff's laws is to describe that law.

再看OG-100.    
Bihar is India’s poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than in the most impoverished countries of the world.

(A) lower than in

(B) lower than that of

(C) and lower than that of

(D) which is lower than in （B）

(E) which is lower than it is in

OG对E的解释：Use of the relative clause and the pronoun it allow the correct comparison to be made, but the construction is needlessly wordy - 可见当前面重心没有差别(annual per capita income = $111) 时，用定语从句也是可以的，只不过是wordy而已。

57-D同样的，我觉得of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms，这里把本来的重心从structures变成了rooms，所以后面each同位语修饰的是rooms，逻辑错误。

拙见，供讨论。

感谢ls的指点，我终于找到了一点思路：

1. 你举的第一个例子，是OG11-Diagnostic Test的 40题， 原文还有重要的总述：The function of the entire long phrase that follows one of Kirchhoff's laws is to describe that law.
                It is a noun phrase in apposition, which means that it has the same syntactic relations to all the other parts of the sentence that the noun phrase one of Kirchhoff's laws does. 

opposition, 指的是n, n形式的同位语，也即，名词短语做同位语，是指代前面的名词短语的，两者语法功能相同。

2. which 可以指代one 或者laws, 所以一般不用which, 同位语修饰优于定语从句；

3. 形容词短语，完全可以指代名词短语。

4. 57题中的，each that....是另外一种同位语，能不能跳跃指代structures, 有待讨论。

事实上，我还有一个大胆的猜想，那就是

出现one of / kind of + N, 等类似形式的名词短语修饰语，只能用n.同位语和形容词短语修饰，也即，修饰语不可能指后面的非中心名词N

是否如此，欢迎排砖！！ 

如果没理解错，楼主想搞清楚的是同位语和形容词结构是否紧跟修饰或是否可以跳跃修饰的问题；

由于学识浅薄，所以我查了一些资料，希望有所帮助；

问题一

 我查了章振邦的语法书，对于同位语，我摘了一部分关于同位语位置的说明，

 1).以名词词组作为作为另一名词词组的同位语通常紧跟在前一同位语成分之后；

 Your brother, a proud and unbending man, refused all help that was offered him.

  2).有时，为了保持句子结构平衡或者为了加强语势，同位语也可以置于句尾，从而造成两个同位语成分的分隔；

  Only one problem still remains—the storage of the grain.

 Lucy was born in a small town of North America, the daughter of a poor and ignorant miner.

 3).有时，作同位语的名词词组部分地重复前项，作为一种强调手段；

 They were building a bridge across the river, a bridge which was intended to carry a great deal of traffic.

 OG10-208.Teratomas are unusual forms of cancer
            in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone, tissues not normally found in   the organ in which the tumor appears.

 解释，Clear statement of this fact requires the repetition of tissues to establish the appositive—tissues normally found....

 还有一个GWD的wasp的那道；

 4).在以人称代词作主语的句子中，可在句尾用名词词组重复主语，作为一种强调手段，这种重复，也可以看作是同位语；

 It went on far too long, your game.

 He’s a wonderful man, that uncle of yours.

 上述作为语法依据，可以对原则的问题有一个了解，但是说回来，我觉得作Gmat与普通的语法题不同，

 它特别强调避免表达的歧异，所以我建议在作Gmat  语法题的时候最好是按照同位语紧跟的原则判断；

 上述作为语法依据，可以对原则的问题有一个了解，但是说回来，我觉得作Gmat与普通的语法题不同，

 它特别强调避免表达的歧异，所以我建议在作Gmat  语法题的时候最好是按照同位语紧跟的原则判断；

 问题二

 我同意more than的成分在这里是作定语，形容词作这种结构，在章振邦的数里叫做无动词分句，可以作定语，也可以作状语；

 作状语时就修饰整句内容，

 More conservative, the opposition spent 1.7 million dollars for four two-week national bill-board campaigns.

 More than half a century on, the nuclear industry is still arguing over how to build and, more important, what to build.

 下面说说作定语的情况，

 1.当形容词结构的逻辑主语是主句主语的时候，位置比较灵活，

 The manager approached us, full of apologies.

 Full of apologies, the manager approached us.

 The manager, full of apologies, approached us.

 2.形容词more than结构作定语，逻辑主语是主句宾语的时候，为了避免歧异，就要紧跟被修饰部分，如你说的这道题的A选项，

 prep1- 33 (26233-!-item-!-188;#058&002541)

 More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.

 prep2-117. (30755-!-item-!-188;#058&005865)

 Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious  practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, it is the only altar found so far that predates the Qing dynasty (A.D. 1644- 1912).

 (A) Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, it is

 (B) Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven, the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious  practice, is more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing and is

 (E) The oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, the Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and is

 综上所述，语法规语法，但是作Gmat不同于普通的语法，很多语法原则在Gmat里是不适用的，所以还是按照OG和Prep所倾向的意思分析类似题的结构；

2.同意；

3.我觉得形容词短语不是指代名词短语，应该是或者作定语修饰名词短语，或者省了相同的主谓部分目的还是修饰名词短语；

4.57题each that...这类的，还有逗号加which的，还有OG10-208 tissues那道，没有特殊情况都是默认紧跟修饰，

引述一句OG208的解释， Clear statement of this fact requires the repetition of tissues to
            establish the appositive—tissues normally found.... Without such repetition, A and B imprecisely state that the tooth and bone, as opposed to the tissues, are not normally found in the affected organ.

但是不排除在OG自己的题目里都有几道是跳跃修饰，这样加大了判断的难度，我想我们只能首先按照句子理解，在看前后关系，

需要注意的是，OG考查这种修饰歧异的题目还是很多的，所以它出题应该更加可能把错误答案写成跳跃修饰，让你辨认，不大可能将正确答案写成跳跃修饰让你选择(后者有例外，但是可能性大体就是这样)；

More
than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake
Baikal, 後面跟两个adj功能的句子，都是修饰Lake
Baikal，可以将which 略过不看。

另一句, of up to 600 rooms each,可以视为插入语不看。因为我看国外讨论帖好多人这样看题。

如果单纯以讨论同位语结构N1 of N2要修饰谁？

以下是引用rorarora在2008-6-8 12:21:00的发言：

事实上，我还有一个大胆的猜想，那就是

出现one of / kind of + N, 等类似形式的名词短语修饰语，只能用n.同位语和形容词短语修饰，也即，修饰语不可能指后面的非中心名词N

是否如此，欢迎排砖！！ 

呵呵，我觉得改错时要尊重原句表达的意思，而对于原句可能表达的意思，我们只能说IMPOSSIBLE IS NOTHING。所以，也会有修饰语修饰one of后面的名词的情况的，只是那样的情况可能又是另外一种表达方式。

照老外们的逻辑，more than all the North American Great Lakes combined 是修饰Lake Baikal的，而笔记上是觉得修饰20%  of the world's fresh water。。。。

难道是因为Lake Baikal = 20% of the worlds's fresh water?