prep10中一个翻译的问题

Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized selfishness, and voluntary

cooperation was encouraged as well, whether it be within the group or also with outsiders.

(A) selfishness, and voluntary cooperation was encouraged as well, whether it be within the

group or

(B) selfishness, encouraging voluntary cooperation as well, both within the group but

(C) selfishness and also encouraging voluntary cooperation, within the group and

(D) selfishness and they encouraged voluntary cooperation, whether it be within the group or

(E) selfishness and encouraged voluntary cooperation, not only within the group but 

第二次看prep语法笔记了，发现这句话里的stigmatize还是不明白应该怎么翻译。虽然不影响做题。但还是希望明白的同学指点。如果翻译成“打上烙印”总觉得没办法和后面的encouraged voluntary cooperation做到逻辑上的平行

先谢谢大家了~

 instincts that stigmatized selfishness。被打上自私烙印的本能。（也即自私成为人类本能）

Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized selfishness and encouraged voluntary cooperation, not only within the group but also with outsiders.

翻译一下:古猎人形成了带有自私的本能，也促成了自愿的合作，这种合作不仅仅在团体内部也包括外人。

翻译一下:古猎人形成了带有自私的本能，也促成了自愿的合作，这种合作不仅仅在团体内部也包括外人。

不知道这种句子是什么人写出来的...

anyway,thanks la