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偶以前的一些总结，比较乱，而且因为结合了自己的理解。可能有错。大家看的时候留意点。
指代问题。
l 指代不一致。例。OG-1。 用child, each 指代前面的young men and women.
OG-3。 单复数不一致的变体，前面用residents, 后面说act as sentinels (不可能多个residents act as a sentinel)
OG-4. 集体名词 citrus 橘类水果，单数。后面指代用it 才对。
OG-12-B。 从句主语they, 指代主句formulas, 但语义代small businesses.
OG-42。 D. 前面administration 单数， 后面用they
OG-47. C it 代displays 错。
OG-48 BE 前面crab, 后面用they 指代。 Wrong.
OG-61
The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.
(A) that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks. 前面明明讲的是a bank.
(B) a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a deposited check. 同上。 单复数对应的问题。 Customers 存在一个check 里面？？
(C) that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from deposited checks 对。同时注意require 的两种搭配法和用法。
(D) a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from a deposited check 搭配法错。
(E) that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check is to be delayed. Unwarranted passive voice.
OG-77 Though the term "graphic design" may suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, they have come to signify widely ranging work, from package designs and company logotypes to signs, book jackets, computer graphics, and film titles.
(A) suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, they have come to signify widely ranging
(B) suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, it has come to signify a wide range of 对。
(C) suggest corporate brochure and annual report layout, it has signified widely ranging
(D) have suggested corporate brochure and annual report layout, it has signified a wide range of
(E) have suggested laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, they have come to signify widely ranging 指代the term, 排除 AE。 固定搭配， a wide range of ….have done 时态很怪。
注意，suggest doing sth. 这里design 是一个含有动作性的名词。因此 graphic design 指的是 laying out brochures, 而不是 brochures 本身。
OG-90 代词不能指代前面所有格修饰位置上的词，如 the officers’ fees, 后面的they 就不能代officers, 必须要改成of 结构
OG-95-A 前面说figures, 后面it。
OG-97 Iguanas have been an important food source in Latin America since prehistoric times, and it is still prized as a game animal by the campcsinos, who typically cook the meat in a heavily spiced stew.
(A) it is still prized as a game animal it 指代错。A game animal 同理错。
(B) it is still prized as game animals
(C) they are still prized as game animals 对。
(D) they are still prized as being a game animal 此外，being wordy
(E) being still prized as a game animal and 并列，要求的结构，independent clause
OG-152. When the technique known as gene-splicing was invented in the early 1970's, it was feared that scientists might inadvertently create an "Andromeda strain," a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and it would kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it.
(A) it would kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it OG所谓的run-on sentence.
(B) it might kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against it OG以前提到过的with 和who 的区别。这里没有提到。但是认为还是有区别的。 而且，with 无法表达would 可能的语气。
(C) kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it 对。
(D) kill vast numbers of humans who have no natural defenses against them 指代错误
(E) kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against them
they 和their 在同个句子中指代不一致。
159. While depressed property values can hurt some large investors, they are potentially devastating for home-owners. whose equity--in many cases representing a life's savings--can plunge or even disappear.
(A) they are potentially devastating for homeowners, whose 对。
(B) they can potentially devastate homeowners in that their in that their, because their, in that their, 这三个词组全都wordy, 更重要的是，他们都指代不明。 They 代property values, 而their 逻辑上应该代homeowners.
(C) for homeowners they are potentially devastating, because their
(D) for homeowners, it is potentially devastating in that their it 错。
(E) it can potentially devastate homeowners, whose
看完全句的必要性－看到代词，找找referent. 不管是不是在画线部分。因为，不画线部分可以暗示画线部分名词等的单复数问题。
OG-163. Found throughout Central and South America, sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day. moving infrequently enough that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.
(A) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough hang 和sleep并立结构不好， enough
(B) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs, they sleep fifteen hours a day, and with such infrequent movements they run-on, such 怪。结构问题
(C) sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep fifteen hours a day, and move so infrequently 这种并立产生的现象是absurd. 到底在干吗？
(D) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving so infrequently 对
(E) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeps fifteen hours a day, and it moves infrequently enough it 没必要，enough that 不对。 Hang 和 sleep 并立也是不对的。怪。不是一系列发生的动作。
OG-198 又是一条列出单数名词，然后用复数代替。（注意不画线的提示－出现代词要警惕，特别是画线不画线部分的代词不一致，或名词代词不一致问题。）
198. Although Napoleon's army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in their previous campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.
(A) they had in their previous campaigns 注意时态错，应该用had had, 前面有过去时提示。介词in 不如for 好。 但是最重要的，代词错了。
(B) their previous campaigns had had
(C) they had for any previous campaign
(D) in their previous campaigns
(E) for any previous campaign （注意OG认为这种表达简单明了，姑且看出省略吧。 than it had had for any previous campaign）
名词和代词在逻辑上不一致。
OG-214. Although the term "psychopath" is popularly applied to an especially brutal criminal, in psychology it is someone who is apparently incapable of feeling compassion or the pangs of conscience.
(A) it is someone who is it 指‘the term’
(B) it is a person 同理
(C) they are people who are 用了复数更不对。
(D) it refers to someone who is 对。
(E) it is in reference to people it is in reference, 也不对。应该加上动词applied, people是复数, 不对，前面明明是单数it。
OG-251 The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970's. .
(A) extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than 对。
(B) extinction; its numbers are now five times more than 注意主语是numbers 数量不能more than, 跟密度那条差不多。
(C) extinction, their numbers now fivefold what they were fivefold what they were 表达也怪。 （个人）
(D) extinction, now with fivefold the numbers they had with 用的不好。歧义，以为是和with extinction
(E) extinction, now with numbers five times greater than 平行， 还有用with 修饰gyrfalcon 不对。感觉怪。
l 指代模糊。OG-11。 答案B 中， basing it on various ancient writers’ accounts, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of … it 指代imprecise, not immediately clear.
Not immediately clear, 指的是语法上没有错误，但是干扰理解的选择。OG-12-E。 because 从句的主语they, 语法上优先从前-small businesses，但是because, 前面有 big businesses, 造成干扰。
OG-31 –C Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, analytical skills bring out a disinclination in many people to recognize that they are weak to a degree. They 的指代模糊。逻辑代people, 语法优先从主语skills.
OG-234 The physical structure of the human eye enables it to sense light of wavelengths up to 0.0005 millimeters; infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye.
(A) infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye 对。 个人认为：指代清晰。结构好。Be too adj to … (LZM 中间不加东西最好。不过OG没怎么强调。反正加了就要小心) 本题逻辑关系：因为波长太长不能被register, 所以radiation 看不见。（注意各自的主语。）
(B) however, the wavelength of infrared radiation--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye making it invisible 再次强调，the misplaced participial phrase making it invisible modifies eye rather than wavelength
(C) infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long for the eye to register it 逻辑上应该是wavelength, 语法上是radiation.
(D) however, because the wavelength of infrared radiation is 0.1 millimeters, it is too long for the eye to register and thus invisible 到底指什么？ 主语是wavelength 错。应该是radiation.
(E) however, infrared radiation has a wavelength of 0.1 millimeters that is too long for the eye to register, thus making it invisible Choice E produces an illogical statement by using a restrictive clause introduced by that where a comma followed by the nonrestrictive "which" is required: a wavelength of 0.1 millimeters that is too long nonsensically suggests that not all wavelengths of 0.1 millimeters are too long for the eye to register.
OG-248 By offering lower prices and a menu of personal communications options, such as caller identification and voice mail, the new telecommunications company has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced them to offer competitive prices.
(B) has not only captured customers from other phone companies, but it also forced them
(C) has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced these companies 对，用重复的办法避免了不清楚。
(D) not only has captured customers from other phone companies but also these companies have been forced
BD都不平行。A 的问题them 指代不明确。结构平衡capture customers, force them (指customers, 但是逻辑上代companies.)
l 一句话中出现两个指代。 比如两个they, it, 或者，it 和its等等。两者指代不一致，必错。OG-12-A， 除非有分号隔开。葡萄跟酒的那条。
l that, which 从句不能代人。
l 明显的指代错误，优先与读起来不大顺的其它方面。OG-29。 Several million tons of stone were quarried in France for the building of … （表示目的，可以接受。）主要其它有明显的指代错误。…..in order that they might build….. (前面只要tons of stone, 很明显不是they 的referent. 错。) 注意in order that, 也是一个有争议的词组。OG 曾说过不好。但有说过可以。
l no referent. OG-33-C. 平行结构是对了，但是it 无指代。OG-35－A it 无指代。It was the second price. 前面只有画，画不能是price. 。 OG-38-C。 it。 OG-41-A。 it 的指代不能是动作，要改成so.
l there 指代。 OG-38。 前面要有相应的地点。
l OG 73. The British Admiralty and the War Office met in March 1892 to consider a possible Russian attempt to seize Constantinople and how they would have to act militarily to deal with them.
(A) how they would have to act militarily to deal with them 指代Russian attempt 错。
(B) how to deal with them if military action would be necessary if 从句中的“必要”语气，用should
(C) what would be necessary militarily for dealing with such an event 什么意思，表达不清
(D) what military action would be necessary in order to deal with such an event 对
(E) the necessity of what kind of military action in order to take for dealing with it wordy, 结构有错
l 句子中一个代词重复出现的指代原则－必须指同一物。银行和客户的题目。而且必须就近。
83. Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one when it is not.
(A) a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one 第一个it 指代前面的condition 对，但是，不画线部分的it，就没有指代了，这就是and 并列后的有其它名词干扰（one）指代就近原则。不能说再指代到and 并列的前面去。
(B) when a condition is present and indicate that there is one detect 接物动词，后面要有宾语，如果是when 从句做宾语，变成了detect the timing
(C) a condition when it is present and indicate that it is present 都指代前面的condition, 而且 indicate that it is present 和后面的when it is not 形成句意上的清晰对比。
(D) when a condition is present and indicate its presence 后面不花线的it no referent
(E) the presence of a condition when it is there and indicate its presence
l 无指代。EST惯用：前面说国家，然后就直接说their 什么， 好像变成了前面说的是国民， 错。
OG- 133. In Holland, a larger percentage of the gross national product is spent on defense of their coasts from rising seas than is spent on military defense in the United States.
(A) In Holland, a larger percentage of the gross national product is spent on defense of their coasts from rising seas than is spent on military defense in the United States. 主语省略，变成了荷兰人花钱到美国人身上。
(B) In Holland they spend a larger percentage of their gross national product on defending their coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense. They 也是没头脑的。
(C) A larger percentage of Holland's gross national product is spent on defending their coasts from rising seas than the United States spends on military defense. 比较平行的问题
(D) Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product defending its coasts from rising seas than the military defense spending of the United States. 同上。
(E) Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense. 对。
OG-165. 前面说a community, 后面用them, they, 表示residents in the community 错。
165. At Shiprock, New Mexico, a perennially powerful girls' high school basketball team has become a path to college for some and a source of pride for a community where the household incomes of 49 percent of them are below the poverty level. 看到句子中的代词一定要找找指代。在画线部分的代词更要。
(A) where the household incomes of 49 percent of them are
(B) where they have 49 percent of the household incomes
(C) where 49 percent of the household incomes are 对
(D) which has 49 percent of the household incomes
(E) in which 49 percent of them have household incomes
其他错误：49 percent of them in A and E 和49 percent of the household incomes 是不同的。前面说的49%的人
have 这种词用慎用。表示拥有的意思。故，B和D错
l 关于指代优先原则和指代就近原则。（不能绝对）(例子来自CD)
12. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.
(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month in that 用的不好。During 不如for b表示目的清晰，被动语态不好。
(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month proclaiming 修饰问题
(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month they 个人认为代states, 这可能是个优先的特例。可能是when 结构放在后面，而前面又有states 影响。
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival
(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival wordy.
the key is C. but "they" 前面有两个复数Olympic Games and pugnacious states。
8. A majority of the international journalists surveyed view nuclear power stations as unsafe at present but that they will, or could, be made sufficiently safe in the future.
(A) that they will, or could, 平行结构排除ABC。
(B) that they would, or could,
(C) they will be or could,
(D) think that they will be or could 正确答案。They 代power stations, 和前面view power stations 平行，
(E) think the power stations would or could 错在would 时态上面。前面是一般时态。注意这里could 表示可能而不是can 的过去式。
204. During the recession of 1973, home mortgage foreclosures resulted in tens of thousands of Americans being evicted from homes that they can no longer afford monthly payments.
(A) that they can
(B) that they could
(C) on which they can
(D) because they can
(E) for which they could E they could no longer afford payments for their homes
l so, 和it在指代上的区别。（so 可以指代动词。 It不能－最多只能是动词性质的名词。 This 不单独指代。）
OG-215. Parliament did not accord full refugee benefits to twelve of the recent immigrants because it believed that to do it rewards them for entering the country illegally. 时态问题。（would, 表示如果这样，可能发生。）
(A) to do it rewards
(B) doing it rewards
(C) to do this would reward
(D) doing so would reward 对。（OG这里没有提到doing 和to do 哪个好的问题）
(E) to do it would reward
l those, that 和it 等在指代上的区别。Those, that 代同类。(本质的，可以不带修饰部分。)， it等代原物，带修饰部分。
OG 231. Ms. Chambers is among the forecasters who predict that the rate of addition to arable lands will drop while those of loss rise.
(A) those of loss rise 看到those, that 之类的代词，找找先行词。ETS很喜欢搞鬼的。而且，跟恶心的是前面是单数，后面用复数。 如，culture of A, 后面变成those of B, C, and D 准错。
(B) it rises for loss it 表示：the rate of addition 跟小麦含protein 的题目一样。
(C) those of losses rise
(D) the rate of loss rises 用重复的办法。比较清晰。有in soil 那题。
(E) there are rises for the rate of loss 结构不平行，表达awkward, OG认为，unidiomatic, 而且应该是rise in sth (rise in interest rate, rise of 16%), . | 
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