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OG - Diagnostic Test 35. Unlike Mesopotamian cities, in which buildings were arranged haphazardly, the cities of the Indus Valley all followed the same basic plan: houses were laid out on a north-south, east-west grid, and houses and walls were built of standard-size bricks. 36. New data from United States Forest Service ecologists show that for every dollar spent on controlled small-scale burning, forest thinning, and the training of fire-management personnel, seven dollars are saved that would have been spent on extinguishing big fires. 37. Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas, the bird itself is vanishing in the northeastern United States as a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practices. 38. The results of two recent unrelated studies support the idea that dolphins may share certain cognitive abilities with humans and great apes; the studies indicate that dolphins are capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors--an ability that is often considered a sign of self-awareness--and of spontaneously grasping the mood or intention of humans. 39. According to scholars, the earliest writing was probably not a direct rendering of speech, but more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language. 40. In 1995 Richard Stallman, a well-known critic of the patent system, testified in Patent Office hearings that, to test the system, a colleague of his had managed to win a patent for one of Kirchhoff’s laws, an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and now included in virtually every textbook of elementary physics. 41. Excavators at the Indus Valley site of Harappa in eastern Palistan say the discovery of inscribed shards dating to circa 2800-2600 B.C. indicates that the development of a Harappan writing system, the use of inscribed seals impressed into clay for marking ownership, and the standardization of weights for trade or taxation occurred many decades, if not centuries, earlier than was previously believed. 42. The Supreme Court has ruled that public universities can collect student activity fees even from students who object to particular activities, so long as the groups given money are chosen without regard to their views. 43. Despite the increasing number of women graduating from law school and passing bar examinations, the corporation of judges and partners at major law firms who are women has not risen comparably. 44. Seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River at Albany to the Great Lakes at Buffalo, providing the port of New York City with a direct water link to the heartland of the North American continent. 45. In 1923, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a minimum wage for women and children in the District of Columbia, ruling that it was a form of price-fixing and, as such, an abridgment of the right of contract. 46. Researchers have found that individuals who have been blind from birth, and who thus have never seen anyone gesture, nevertheless make hand motions when speaking just as frequently and in virtually the same way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture even when conversing with another blind person. 47. Like embryonic germ cells, which are cells that develop early in the formation of the fetus and that later generate eggs or sperm, embryonic stem cells have the ability to develop into different kinds of body tissue. 48. Critics contend that the new missile is a weapon whose importance is largely symbolic, more a tool for manipulating people’s perceptions than for fulfilling a real military need. 49. As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, training several generations of actors whose ranks included Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro. 50. By developing the Secure Digital Music Initiative, the recording industry associations of North America, Japan, and Europe hope to create a standardized way of distributing songs and full-length recordings on the Internet that will protect copyright holders and foil the many audio pirates who copy and distribute digital music illegally. 51. Whereas a ramjet generally cannot achieve high speeds without the initial assistance of a rocket, scramjets, or supersonic combustion ramjets, can attain high speeds by reducing airflow compression at the entrance of the engine and letting air pass through at supersonic speeds. 52. It will not be possible to implicate melting sea ice in the coastal flooding that many global warming models have projected: just as melting ice cubes do not cause a glass of water to overflow, so melting sea ice does not increase oceanic volume. OG - Practice Questions 1. Manufactures rate batteries in watt-hours; the higher the watt-hour rating, the longer the battery can be expected to last. 2. At first, hurricanes travel from east to west, because that is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics, but they then veer off toward higher latitudes, in many cases changing direction toward the east before dissipating over the colder, more northerly waters or over land. 3. At the end of the 1930s, Duke Ellington was looking for a composer to assist him--someone who could not only arrange music for his successful big band, but also mirror his eccentric writing style in order to finish the many pieces he had started but never completed. 4. While Noble Sissle may be best known for his collaboration with Eubie Blake, as both a vaudeville performer and a lyricist songs and Broadway musicals, he also enjoyed an independent career as a singer with such groups as Hahn’s Jubilee Singers. 5. Although a surge in retail sales has raised hopes that a recovery is finally under way, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last. 6. Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, perhaps none was more concentrated than the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three decades. 7. From an experiment using special extrasensory perception cards, each bearing one of a set of symbols, parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine claimed statistical proof that subjects could identify a card in the dealer’s hand by using thought transference. 8. Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer. 9. In a review of 2000 studies of human behavior that date back to the 1940’s, two Swiss psychologists declared that since most of the studies had failed to control for variables such as social class and family size, none could be taken seriously. 10. A long-term study of some 1000 physicians indicates that the more coffee these doctors drank, the greater was their likelihood of having coronary disease. 11. The intricate structure of the compound insert eye, with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that it evolved independently of the vertebrate eye. 12. In 1979 lack of rain reduced India’s rice production to about 41 million tons, nearly 25 percent less than the 1978 harvest. 13. Although Alice Walker published a number of essays, poetry collections, and stories during the 1970s, her third novel, The Color Purple, published in 1982, brought her the widest acclaim, winning both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize. 14. Many experts regarded the large increase in credit card borrowing in March not as a sign that households were pressed for cash and forced to borrow, but as a sign that households were confident they could safely handle new debt. 15. Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-exchange network that keeps the brain from getting too hot. 16. Rising inventories, if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth. 17. The exploits of Nellie Bly, a pioneer journalist, included circling the global faster than Jules Verne’s fictional Phileas Fogg. 18. Unlike leaf cutters and most other ants, whose nests are situated underground or in pieces of wood, raider ants make a portable nest by entwining their long legs to form “curtains” of ants that hang from logs or boulders, providing protection for the queen and the colony larvae and pupae. 19. Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator. 20. The commission has directed advertisers to restrict the use of the word “natural” to foods that do not contain color or flavor additives, chemical preservatives, or anything that has been synthesized. 21. Thai village crafts, like those of other cultures, have developed through the principle that form follows function and incorporate readily available materials fashioned using traditional skills. 22. Tropical bats play important roles in the rain forest ecosystem, aiding in the dispersal of cashew, date, and fig seeds; pollinating banana, breadfruit, and mango trees; and indirectly helping to produce tequila by pollinating agave plants. 23. Discussion of greenhouse effects has usually focused on whether Earth would grow warmer and to what extent, but climatologists have indicated all along that precipitation, storminess, and temperature extremes are likely to have the greatest impact on people. 24. The Iroquois were primary planters, although they supplemented their cultivation of maize, squash, and beans with fishing and hunting. 25. Unlike the honeybee, the yellow jacket can siting repeatedly without dying and carries a potent venom that can cause intense pain. 26. None of the attempts to specify the causes of crime explains why most of the people exposed to the alleged causes do not commit crimes and, conversely, why so many of those not so exposed do. 27. In the seventh century B.C., the Roman alphabet was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet, which in turn had been adapted in the previous century from a western Greek alphabet, which itself had been adapted earlier in the same century from thee Phoenician alphabet. 28. With corn, soybean, and wheat reserves so low that a poor harvest would send prices skyrocketing, grain futures brokers and their clients are especially interested in weather that could affect crops. 29. By 1940, the pilot Jacqueline Cochran held seventeen official national and international speed records, earned at a time when aviation was still so new that many of the planes she flew were of dangerously experimental design. 30. In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls. 31. One explanation for the remarkable similarity of Thule artifacts from Alaska to Greenland is that there was a very rapid movement of people from one end of North America to the other. 32. The widely accepted big bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. 33. Bengal-born writer, philosopher, and educator Rabindranath Tagore had the greatest admiration for Mohandas K. Gandhi as a person and as a politician, but Tagore was also skeptical of Gandhi’s form of nationalism and his conservation opinions about India’s cultural traditions. 34. Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, it is so debilitating that it has become an economic drain on many developing countries. 35. Traffic safely officials predict that drivers will be as likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as they are the current one. 36. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to announce a reduction in output to bolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by the beginning of next year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output by a total of 500000 barrels a day. 37. Not trusting themselves to choose wisely among the wide array of investment opportunities on the market, many people are turning to stockbrokers for help in buying stocks that could easily be bought directly. 38. There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively used method has been to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them in the wall in mud mortar. 39. A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought. 40. Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter. 41. Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it to energy-rich sugars. 42. In the early part of the twentieth century, many vacationers found that driving automobiles and sleeping in tents allowed them to enjoy nature close at hand and tour at their own pace, without the restrictions of passenger trains and railroad timetables or the formalities, expenses, and impersonality of hotels. 43. The automotive conveyor-belt system, which Henry Ford modeled after an assembly-line technique introduced by Ransom Olds, reduced the time required to assemble a Model T from a day and a half to 93 minutes. 44. According to some analysts, the gains in the stock market reflect growing confidence that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come in for a “soft landing,” followed by a gradual increase in business activity. 45. The report recommended that the hospital eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate expensive services, and use space in other hospitals. 46. Over the next few years, increasing demands on the Chattahoochee River, which flows into the Apalachicola River, could alter the saline content of Apalachicola Bay, robbing the oysters there of their flavor and making them smaller, less distinctive, and less in demand. 47. Elizabeth Barber, the author of both Prehistoric Textiles, a comprehensive work on cloth in the early cultures of the Mediterranean, and Women’s Work, a more general account of early cloth manufacture, is an authority on textiles in ancient societies. 48. Digging in sediments in northern China, scientists have gathered evidence suggesting that complex life-forms emerged much earlier than previously thought. 49. Outlining his strategy for nursing the troubled conglomerate back to health, the chief executive announced plans Wednesday to cut the company’s huge debt by selling nearly $12 billion in assets over the next 18 months. 50. Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, covering more than four times the surface area of its closest rival in size, North America’s Lake Superior. 51. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language. 52. According to recent study of consumer spending on prescription medications, increases in the sales of the 50 drugs that were advertised most heavily accounted for almost half of the $20.8 billion increase in drug spending last year, the reminder of the increase coming from sales of the 9850 prescription medicines that companies did not advertise or advertised very little. 53. Along the major rivers that traverse the deserts of northeast Africa, the Middle East, and northwest India, the combination of reliable supply of water and good growing conditions encouraged farming traditions that have, in places, endured for at least 6000 years. 54. Although it covers the entire planet, Earth’s crust is neither seamless nor stationary, but rather fragmented into mobile semirigid plates. 55. Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else. 56. Even though many of her colleagues were convinced that genes were relatively simple and static, Barbara McClintock adhered to her own more complicated ideas about how genes might operate, and in 1983, at the age of 81, was awarded a Nobel Prize for her discovery that the genes in corn are capable of moving from one chromosomal site to another. 57. Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month. 58. Ryunosuke Akutagawa’s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China, and Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and the content of his fiction. 59. According to scientists who monitored its path, an expanding cloud of energized particles ejected from the Sun recently triggered a large storm in the magnetic field that surrounds Earth, brightening the Northern Lights and possibly knocking out a communications satellite. 60. In 1850, Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, a treatise that argued for equal political and legal rights for women and for changes in the married women’s property laws. 61. To develop more accurate population forecasts, demographers would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economic determinants of fertility. 62. Laos has a land area comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only four million people, many of whom are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north. 63. Discovered in 1884, the asteroid Ida, named for a mythological nymph who cared for the infant Jupiter, is in the middle of the belt of asteroids that orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter. 64. In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans’ creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on construction and decoration of the temples in which they were enshrined. 65. Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the Resistance. 66. Covering 71 percent of Earth’s surface, the oceans play an essential role in maintaining the conditions for human existence on land, moderating temperature by the absorption of heat and carbon dioxide, and giving pure water back to the atmosphere through evaporation. 67. Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world’s people is the result of a “population bottleneck”--that at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers and thus our genetic variation. 68. In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language. 69. A new study suggests that the conversational pace of everyday life may be so brisk that it hampers the ability of some children to distinguish discrete sounds and words and, as a result, to make sense of speech. 70. The nineteen-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found. 71. Many of the earliest know images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the Kushan Empire and were fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from Gandharan grey schist. 72. A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what Marx’s Das Kapital is to socialism. 73. Researchers studying the brain scans of volunteers who pondered ethical dilemmas have found that the basic for making tough moral judgments is emotion, not logic or analytical reasoning. 74. Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2000 years old and took 700000 artisans more than 36 years to complete. 75. Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later. 76. It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology: Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent students of the future, did not even mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970. 77. While the cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as for other types of power plants, the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants make the electricity they generate more expensive. 78. The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods. 79. The first trenches cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yield strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq. 80. Companies are relying more and more on networked computers for such critical tasks as inventory management, electronic funds transfer, and electronic data interchange, in which standard business transactions are handled via computer rather than on paper. 81. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival. 82. While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal. 83. When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to encourage more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas. 84. Unlike the original Museum of Science and Technology in Italy, where the models are encased in glass or operated only by staff members, the Virtual Leonardo Project, an online version of the museum, encourages visitors to “touch” each exhibit and thereby activate the animated functions of the piece. 85. Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the Paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction. 86. To map Earth’s interior, geologists use a network of seismometers to chart seismic waves that originate in the earth’s crust and ricochet around its interior, traveling most rapidly through cold, dense regions and more slowly through hotter rocks. 87. Doctors generally agree that such factors as cigarette smoking, eating rich foods high in fats, and alcohol consumption not only do damage by themselves but also aggravate genetic predispositions toward certain diseases. 88. Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that without it their grip on Algeria would never be secure. 89. His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas. 90. Prices at the producer level are only 1.3 percent higher now than those of a year ago and are going down, even though floods in the Midwest and drought in the South are hurting crops and therefore raising corn and soybean prices. 91. More and more in recent years, cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities, despite strained municipal budgets and fading federal support. 92. A proposal has been made to trim the horns from rhinoceroses to discourage poachers; the question is whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the animals’ horns have been trimmed. 93. In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines are priced to sell, and they do. 94. Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles Islands. 95. Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach. 96. A mutual fund having billions of dollars in assets will typically invest that money in hundreds of companies, rarely holding more than one percent of the shares of any particular corporation. 97. The 19-year-old pianist and composer performed his most recent work all over Europe, Asia, and North America last year, winning prestigious awards in both London and Tokyo for his achievement at such a young age, and he hopes to continue composing now that he has returned to Chicago. 98. Starfish, with anywhere from give to eight arms, have a strong regenerative ability, and if one arm is lost it is quickly replaced, with the animal sometimes overcompensating and growing an extra one or two. 99. In 2000, a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending on prescription drugs, a phenomenon that is explained not just by the face that drugs are becoming more expensive but also by the fact that doctors are writing many more prescriptions for higher-cost drugs. 100. The results of the company’s cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which have increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after failing over the last two years. 101. Like the music of other early Mississippi Delta blues singers, the music of Robert Johnson arose from an oral tradition that began as a mixture of chants, fiddle tunes, and religious music and only gradually evolved into the blues. 102. Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted in the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory. 103. Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing between a language and the sub-languages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typically have found about five thousand. 104. Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were last year. 105. One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill as in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones. 106. Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932. 107. Like the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are so far away from Earth that their apparent positions in the sky do not change enough for their movement to be observed during a single human lifetime. 108. As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited. 109. El Nino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east. 110. Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear. 111. According to recent studies comparing the nutritional value of meat from wild animals and meat from domesticated animals, wild animals have less total fat than livestock fed on grain and more of a kind of fat thought to be good for cardiac health. 112. Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world’s social wasps, wasps that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females--the queen and her sterile female workers. 113. Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience. 114. Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed a decade later, during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles. 115. Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands. 116. November is traditionally the strongest month for sales of light trucks, but sales this past November, even when compared with sales in previous Novembers, accounted for a remarkably large share of total vehicle sales. 117. Mauritius was a British colony for almost 200 years, but expect in the domains of administration and teaching, the English language was never really spoken on the island. 118. Although heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved during the previous year, appear less appetizing than most of their round an red supermarket cousins--they are often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises--heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand. 119. The World Wildlife Fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings’ burning of fossil fuels, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the environment in ways harmful to their habitats. 120. The largest of all the planets, Jupiter not only is three times as massive as Saturn, the next largest planet, but also possesses four of the largest satellites, or moons, in our solar system. 121. In her book illustrations, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world. 122. Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology. 123. Among the objects found in the excavated temple were small terra-cotta effigies left by supplicants who were either asking the goddess Bona Dea’s aid in healing physical and mental ills or thanking her for such help. 124. While many of the dinosaur fossils found recently in northeast China seem to provide evidence of the kinship between dinosaur and birds, the wealth of enigmatic fossils seems more likely at this stage to inflame debates over the origin of birds than to settle them. 125. The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions and then took turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages. 126. Found only in the Western Hemisphere, hummingbirds survive through extremes of climate, their range extending from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, from sea-level rain forests to the edges of Andean snowfields and ice fields at altitudes of 15000 feet. 127. Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admires, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across the United States. 128. Scientists have recently found evidence that black holes--regions of space in which matter is so concentrated and the pull of gravity so powerful that nothing, not even light, can emerge from them--probably exist at the core of nearly all galaxies and that the mass of each black hole is proportional to that of its host galaxy. 129. The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses. 130. Australian embryologists have found evidence to suggest that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel. 131. Most efforts to combat such mosquito-borne diseases as malaria and dengue have focused on either vaccinating humans or exterminating mosquitoes with pesticides. 132. Almost like clones in their similarity to one another, members of the cheetah species are especially vulnerable to disease because of their homogeneity. 133. As sources of electrical power, windmills now account for only about 2500 megawatts nationwide, but production is expected almost to double by the end of the year and thus to provide enough electricity for 1.3 million households. 134. Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp’s ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles. 135. Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes from a random pattern. 136. That a ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church is indicated by its eastward orientation and overall plan, as well as by the artifacts, such as glass oil-lamp fragments, found at the site. 137. By 1999, astronomers had discovered 17 nearby stars that are orbited by planets about the size of Jupiter. 138. Although Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s success was later overshadowed by that of her husband, among her contemporaries she was considered the better poet. 139. In no other historical sighting did Halley’s Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910-1911. 140. Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of 6-mile-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs have been dared at 3.47 billion years old and thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth. Verbal Review 1. Like ants, termites have an elaborate social structure in which a few individuals reproduce and the rest serve the colony by tending juveniles, gathering food, building the nest, or batting intruders. 2. Some 200 world-famous physicists recently attended a conference whose purpose was not only to consider the prospects for the next 50 years of research in physics but also to assess the accuracy of the predictions made at the last meeting of this type, which took place 50 years earlier. 3. Global warming is said to be responsible for extreme weather changes, such as the heavy rains that led to flooding throughout the state of California, causing more than $2 billion in damages, and the heat wave in the northeastern and Midwestern United States, which was also the cause of a great amount of damage and destruction. 4. Some bat caves, like honeybee hives, have residents that take on different duties such as defending the entrance, acting as sentinels and sounding a warning at the approach of danger, and scouting outside the cave for new food and roosting sites. 5. The voluminous personal papers of Thomas Alva Edison reveal that his inventions typically did not spring to life in a flesh of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous works. 6. Hundreds of species of fish generate and discharge electric currents, in bursts or as steady electric fields around their bodies, using their power to find and attack prey, to defend themselves, or to communicate and navigate. 7. Native to South America, peanuts were introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers early in the sixteenth century and were quickly adopted into Africa’s agriculture, probably because they were so similar to the Bambarra groundnut, a popular indigenous plant. 8. Standing twelve feet tall, weighting nine thousand pounds, and wielding seven-inch claws, Megatherium americanum, a giant ground sloth, may have been the largest hunting mammal ever to walk the Earth. 9. Delighted by the reported earnings for the first quarter of the fiscal year, the company manager decided to give her staff a raise. 10. The rising cost of data-processing operations at many financial institutions has created a growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services more efficiently and at lower cost. 11. Coffee prices rose sharply Monday, posting their biggest one-day gain in almost three years, after a weekend cold snap in Brazil raised concern that the world’s largest crop could be damaged at a time when supplies are already tight. 12. William H. Johnson’s artistic debt to Scandinavia is evident in paintings that range from sensitive portraits of citizens in his wife’s Danish home, Kerteminde, to awe-inspiring views of fjords and mountain peaks in the western and northern regions of Norway. 13. Growing competitive pressures may be encouraging auditors to bend the rules in favor of clients; auditors may, for instance, allow a questionable loan to remain on the books in order to maintain a bank’s profits on paper. 14. A March 2000 Census Bureau survey showed that Mexico accounted for more than a quarter of all foreign-born residents of the United States, the largest share that any country has contributed since 1890, when about 30 percent of the country’s foreign-born population was from Germany. 15. The themes that Rita Dove explores in her poetry are universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally dealing with racial issues. 16. Travelers to Mars would have to endure low levels of gravity for long periods of time, avoid large doses of radiation, contend with the chemically reactive Martian soil, and perhaps even ward off contamination by Martian life-forms. 17. It is well known in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves and how frequently the inventory turns over can be crucial to profits. 18. Iguanas have been an important food source in Latin America since prehistoric times, and it they are still prized as game animals by the campesinos, who typically cook the meat in heavily spiced stew. 19. The personal income tax did not become permanent in the United States until the First World War; before that time the federal government had depended on tariffs as its main source of revenues. 20. The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s. 21. Expect for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion. 22. Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands of ideographic characters, each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its own square frame. 23. After weeks of uncertainty about the course the country would pursue to stabilize its troubled economy, officials reached a reached a revised agreement with the International Monetary Fund, pledging to enforce substantially greater budget discipline than originally promised and to keep inflation below ten percent. 24. Like Rousseau, Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society. 25. Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human facial expressions and then respond to them; the researchers’ primary goal is to create a robot that will empathize with us. 26. Analysts believe that whereas had decisions by elected leaders can certainly hurt the economy, no administration can really be said to control or manage all of the complex and interrelated forces that determine the nation’s economic strength. 27. A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as hazardous substances, but many of them can be harmful to health, especially if they are used improperly. 28. In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor. 29. Like Auden’s, James Merrill’s language is chatty, arch, and conversational—given to complex syntactic flights as well as to prosaic free-verse strolls. 30. According to the Economic Development Corporation of Los Angeles Country, if the Los Angeles metropolitan area were a separate nation, it would have the world’s eleventh largest gross national product, bigger than that of Australia, Mexico, or the Netherlands. 31. Initiated on Columbus Days 1992, five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World, Project SETI pledged a $100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. 32. According to some economists, the July decrease in unemployment to the lowest level in two years suggests that the gradual improvement in the job market is continuing. 33. Developed by Pennsylvania’s Palatine Germans about 1750, Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of prairie, and a floor that was curved upward at both ends to prevent cargo from shifting on steep grades. 34. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system. 35. Eating saltwater fish may significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and aid sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, according to three research studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine. 36. The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce that occurred when they were children. 37. As a result of record low temperatures, the water pipes on the third floor froze, causing the heads of the sprinkler system to burst and release torrents of water into offices on the second floor. 38. Around 1900, fishermen in the Chesapeake Bay area landed more than seventeen million pounds of shad in a single year, but by 1920, overfishing and the proliferation of milldams and culverts that blocked shad from migrating up their spawning streams had reduced landings to less than four million pounds. 39. Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year had been constructed in violation of the city’s building code. 40. Though the term “graphic design” may suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, it has come to signify a wide range of work, from package designs and company logotypes to signs, book jackets, computer graphics, and film titles. 41. In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steel, small mills, by processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products, have been able to put capital into new technology and remain economically viable. 42. Government officials announced that restrictions on the use of water would continue because no appreciable increase in the level of the river had resulted from the intermittent showers that had fallen throughout the area the day before. 43. Because the collagen fibers in skin line up in the direction of tension, a surgical cut made along these so-called Langer’s lines severs fewer fibers and is less likely to leave an unsightly scar. 44. In A.D. 391, as a result of the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the largest of the ancient world, later generations lost all but the Iliad and Odyssey among Greek epics, most of the poetry of Pindar and Sappho, and dozens of plays by Aeschylus and Euripides. 45. In two letters to the historian Tacitus, the nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius. 46. Nearly two tons of nuclear-reactor fuel have already been put into orbit around the Earth, and the chances of a collision involving such material increase greatly as the amount of space debris and the number of satellites continue to rise. 47. Though tiny, blind, and translucent, a recently discovered species of catfish has thickened bones and armor plates on its sides that lessen its vulnerability. 48. A recent court decision has qualified a 1998 ruling that workers cannot be laid off if they have been given reason to believe that their jobs will be safe, provided that their performance remains satisfactory. 49. Thomas Eakins’ powerful style and his choices of subject--the advances in modern surgery, the discipline of sport, the strains of individuals in tension with society or even with themselves--were as disturbing to his own time as they are compelling for ours. 50. Inspired by the Helsinki Accords and outraged by the harsh sentences meted out to a group of Czech rock musicians called the Plastic People of the Universe, dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals established Charter 77 as a human rights group. 51. The sun is the source not only of hear and light, but also of a continuous stream of atomic particles known as the solar wind. 52. The psychologist William James believed that facial expressions not only provide a visible sign of an emotion but also actually contribute to feeling itself. 53. Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in women’s appeal, the seven-store retailer said it would start a three-month liquidation sale in all of its stores. 54. In developing new facilities for the incineration of solid wastes, we must avoid the danger of shifting environmental problems from the pollution of water by landfills to the pollution of air by incinerators. 55. According to research covering the last decade, the average number of rooms added by high-end hotel chains was lower than the hotel industry average for this period, but occupancy and room rates grew faster for these chains than for the average hotel. 56. Recently discovered fossil remains strongly suggest that the Australian egg-laying mammals of today are a branch of the main stem of mammalian evolution rather than a type that developed independently from a common ancestor of mammals more than 220 million years ago. 57. The normative model of strategic decision-making suggests that executives examine a firm’s external environment and internal conditions and, using the set of objective criteria derived from these analyses, decide on a strategy. 58. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage without another doctor’s testimony about proper medical procedures. 59. The energy source on Voyager 2 is not a nuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively broken apart, but rather a kind of nuclear battery that uses natural radioactive decay to produce power. 60. According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours. 61. Lawmakers are examining measures that would require banks to disclose all fees and account requirements in writing, to provide free cashing of government checks, and to create basic savings accounts that carry minimal fees and require minimal initial deposits. 62. Twenty-two feet long and 10 feet in diameter, the AM-1 is one of the many new satellites that are part of a 15-year effort to subject the interactions of Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces to detailed scrutiny from space. 63. Many kitchens today are equipped with high-speed electrical gadgets, such as blenders and food processors, capable of inflicting injuries as serious as those caused by an industrial wood-planing machine. 64. Under high pressure and intense heat, graphite, the most stable form of pure carbon, changes into the substance commonly referred to as diamond and remains thus even when the heat had pressure are removed. 65. The computer company reported strong second quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street’s estimates and announced the first in series of price cuts intended to increase sales further. 66. Analysts blamed May’s sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture. 67. Born in Calcutta in 1940, author Bharati Mukherjee became a United States citizen in 1988; she has lived in England and Canada, and first came to the United States in 1961 to study at the lowa Writers’ Workshop. 68. Archaeologists in Ireland believe that a recently discovered chalice, which dates from the eighth century, was probably buried to keep it from being stolen by invaders. 69. The bank holds $3 billion in loans that are seriously delinquent or in such trouble that it does not expect payments to be made when they are due. 70. Faced with an estimated $2 billion budget gap, the city’s mayor proposed a nearly 17 percent reduction in the amount allocated the previous year to maintain the city’s major cultural institutions and to subsidize hundreds of local arts groups. 71. In the textbook publishing business, the second quarter is historically weak, because revenues are low and marketing expenses are high as companies prepare for the coming school year. 72. Ms. Chambers is among the forecasters who predict that the rate of addition to arable lands will drop while the rate of loss rises. 73. Occupying a small fraction of the species’ former range, fewer than 400 Sumatran rhinos survive on the Malay peninsula and on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. 74. Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals. 75. Many policy experts say that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs back to the workers not only helps to control the employer’s costs, but also helps to limit medical spending by making patients more careful consumers. 76. The market for recycled commodities such as aluminum and other metals remains strong despite economic changes in the recycling industry. 77. While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every business course, others say that students will take ethics seriously only if it is taught as a separate, required course. 78. Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area. 79. Geologists believe that the warning signs for a major earthquake may include sudden fluctuations in local seismic activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust, changes in the measured strain across a fault zone, and variations in the electrical properties of underground rocks. 80. It was not until 1868 that Great Britain had a prime minister--Disraeli--who did not come from a landed family. 81. By offering lower prices and a menu of personal communications options, such as caller identification and voice mail, the new telecommunications company has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced these companies to offer competitive prices. 82. After suffering $2 billion in losses and 25000 layoffs, the nation’s semiconductor industry, which makes chips that run everything from computers and spy satellites to dishwashers, appears to have made a long-awaited recovery. 83.The computer company has announced that it will purchase the color-printing division of a rival company for $950 million as part of a deal that will make it the largest manufacturer in the office color-printing market. 84. Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and vocal style influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from his own. 85. The computer company’s present troubles are a result of technological stagnation, marketing missteps, and managerial blunders that several attempts to revise corporate strategies have failed to correct. 86. The root systems of most flowering perennials either become too crowded, resulting in loss of vigor, or spread too far outward, producing a bare center. 87. Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate that it is present when it is not. 88. Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for more open space in areas where there are few services and little available water. 89. In theory, international civil servants at the United Nations are prohibited from continuing to draw salaries from their own governments; in practice, however, some governments merely substitute living allowances for the paychecks of their employees who have been assigned to the United Nations. 90. According to a study by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, companies in the United States are providing job training and general education for nearby eight million people, about as many as are enrolled in the nation’s four-year colleges and universities. 91. The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale, with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, connected by a complex regional system of roads. 92. According to United States census data, in 1975 about one-third of mothers with young children worked outside the home; in 2000, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home. 93. Warmed by the sun, ocean water evaporates, rises high into the atmosphere, and condenses in tiny droplets on minute particles of dust to form clouds. 94. Schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a parasitic worm, is prevalent in hot, humid climates, and it has become more widespread as irrigation projects have enlarged the habitat of the freshwater snails that are the parasite’s hosts for part of its life cycle. 95. Floating in the waters of equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affect global climate. 96. Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest slammed into North America, an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period. 97. The first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was observed in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, but the discovery was not announced until February 1968. 98. Sound can travel through water for enormous distances, its acoustic energy prevented from dissipating by boundaries in the ocean created by water layers of different temperatures and densities. 99. In preparing for a major earthquake that is predicted to hit the state, the California Office of Emergency Services is building a satellite-based computer network to identify earthquake damage and to pinpoint the most affected areas within two hours of the event. 100. Intar, the oldest Hispanic theater company in New York, has moved away from the Spanish classics and now draws on the works of contemporary Hispanic authors, both those two live abroad and those who live in the United States. 101. Last year, land values in most parts of the pinelands rose almost as fast as, and in some parts even faster than, those outside the pinelands. 102. If Dr. Wade is right, any apparent connection between eating highly processed foods and excelling at sports is purely coincidental. 103. Created in 1945 to reduce poverty and stabilize foreign currency markets, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have, according to some critics, continually struggled to meet the expectations of their major shareholders--a group comprising many of the world’s rich nations--but neglected their intended beneficiaries in the developing world. 104. Unlike the premiums for auto insurance, the premiums for personal property coverage are not affected by the frequency of claims, but if the insurance company is able to prove excessive loss due to owner negligence, it may decline to renew the policy. 105. The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, be obtained through a local bond issue. 106. Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor. 107. Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than be confined to a hotel. 108. Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason like an expert--computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan. 109. In the United States, farmers can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, but in most parts of Sri Lanka, the rains are concentrated in the monsoon months, June to September, and the skies are generally clear for the rest of the year. 110. Although Napoleon’s army entered Russia with far more supplies than for any previous campaign, it had provisions for only twenty-four days. 111. As business grows more complex, students who major in such specialized areas as finance and marketing are becoming more and more successful in the job market. 112. Inuits of the Bering Sea were isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska. 113. The physical structure of the human eye enables it to sense light of wavelengths up to 0.0005 millimeters; infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye.
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