关于状语比较的一些心得，OG12-41，OG12-93

kevin0214 · 发表于 2010-11-7 03:12:23

有CDer在问OG12-41时发了这两个句子，我在这两句话上纠结了一晚，试图解释。
1.Heating-oil prices are expected to be higer this year than last. （OG12-93 出自正确选项）
2. demographers have to know a great deal more than now .（OG12-41出自A选项，错误）
这两个句子乍一看差不多，但是仔细比较这两个句子，第一个在than 前面有一个this year跟后面的last对应，似乎就是这点导致了差别。研究了一晚的各种资料，终于找到一个自以为满意的解释，这里把我的分析整理成状语比较的一些规则，希望大家指正。
主要涉及的是状语的比较，至于主语宾语的比较大家可以参考gemj大牛的“比较之庖丁解牛”，写得深入简出，是GMAT比较题型的顶级武功秘籍。我这里想对状语的比较进一步分析是因为状语比较似乎不像gemj所说的直接加在than后面就可以，有时候我们发现似乎需要补出主谓。于是我尝试总结了一些规则，然后查阅OG12和ecsniffer作的大全所有比较题型总结，找了一些例题来支持我的解释，很希望大家能够找到更多的例子或者反例来参与讨论，求拍砖。
一、如果从句的主谓语和主句一样（包括时态）的话可以省略（不一样的时态不能省略谓语，可以省略主语）,但是剩下的状语成分在主句中应该有一个对应的状语而且位置在than前面。如果主句没有一个对应的状语的话，从句必须补出主谓，可以用代词it does这样的结构来充当主谓。这种例子有很多很多，大家应该都见到不少了，其实就是一个比较对象平行的问题。如
大全156.Balding is much more common among White males (B) than among males of other races. 这是省略主谓的情况
299.Florida will gain another quarter-million jobs this year alone, many of them in (D) such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than it was ten years ago.这是要补出主谓的情况。句子结构就是the state's economy is far more diversified than it was ten years ago

二、但是，如果这个状语被其他到句首而主句倒装，这时虽然状语不在than之前，省略主谓的规则依然可以适用。
如OG12-138. In no other historical sighting did Halley’s Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910–1911.（正确句子）

三、特别地，如果是省略主谓后剩下的是时间状语的话，时态不一样的谓语也可以省略，因为时间状语已经表达了时间的差异，不同时态的谓语省略可以接受。这也是上面句子一所表达的。
764.The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s.
(A) extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than
(B) extinction; its numbers are now five times more than
(C) extinction, their numbers now fivefold what they were
(D) extinction, now with fivefold the numbers they had
(E) extinction, now with numbers five times greater than
the key:A。比较考点：比较对象。now——when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970's

四、如果时间状语在句首修饰但主句没有倒装，那么从句不能主谓都省略，必须保留谓语动词来明确从句的时态。
652.Since the movie was released seventeen UFOs have been sighted in the state, more than had been sighted in the past ten years together.

但是这些规则的应用必须以逻辑意思明确为基础，不能硬套，比如以下这题：
875.Today’s technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their production history.
(A) small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their
(B) small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their
(C) small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in
(D) more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their
(E) more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in
the key:C 这里就不是时间状语的比较，虽然结构上A完全符合时间状语的比较规则（状语刚好分在than的两边），但是逻辑意思不对：首先比较的对象不应该是时间状语而是make的宾语cars，时间只是修饰cars的，作为定语，不像上面的例子作状语修饰的是整个句子；其次主语有时间修饰或者有与时间有关的形容词（表达随时间变化的意思）如Increasing，rising修饰的时候，省略主语有时会造成逻辑错误，如本题中today’s technology allowed manufacturers to make cars at any time in their production history.显然错误。

还要注意区分状语比较与定语比较的区别。有时候，表示时间的介词短语作的是定语，这就是介宾短语比较，庖丁解牛中讲的很清楚，直接把介宾短语放在than 两边就好了，如以下这题：
359.In 1990’s, there are more babies born by women over thirty years old than under it.
(A) than under it
(B) than were they under it
(C) than had been under it
(D) than were the babies
(E) than those were under it
the key:A
这题有些特殊，介宾短语是修饰另一个介宾短语中的名词，所以不能像上一题一样用those代替，不能补出they are，也不能补出主语babies，甚至补出Under it直接修饰的women都是不对的……要补就要补出整个句子In 1990’s, there are more babies born by women over thirty years old than（babies born by women under thirty years old）.连under it似乎都不能用了。

欢迎大家拍砖！！

三零年代 · 发表于 2010-11-7 14:31:20

补充一下:
仔细拜读了LZ的解释后，又把白勇语法的比较读了一下，结合LZ的题目，这里有一个普遍规律的，就是要在比较前后的2个部分的结构要一致的基础上应用省略原则。比如
主谓宾状 than 主谓宾状，如果在状语不同的情况下比较，那么基于一致即可省略的原则，就只留下状语。例如LZ的例子:
1.Heating-oil prices are expected to be higer this year than last. （OG12-93 出自正确选项）
2. demographers have to know a great deal more than now .（OG12-41出自A选项，错误）
2之所以错误是因为前面没有状语，而后面只留下状语。
这个和LZ的总结基本一致。
和LZ有不同看法的是这个题目。其实也是一个主谓宾状的结构，A不对，是因为any other，必须用any other排除前一个从句所描述的范围。
换句话说，A和C作如下修改也是正确的。

但是这些规则的应用必须以逻辑意思明确为基础，不能硬套，比如以下这题：
875.Today’s technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their production history.
(A) small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any other time in their
(B) small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their
(C) small cars that are more fuel-efficient now than ~~those~~at any other time in
(D) more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their
(E) more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in

拍砖，拍砖，共同进步~~~

告诉我萱萱 · 发表于 2010-12-15 02:58:40

beautiful

aeoluseros · 发表于 2010-12-15 12:02:04

和LZ有不同看法的是这个题目。其实也是一个主谓宾状的结构，A不对，是因为any other，必须用any other排除前一个从句所描述的范围。
换句话说，A和C作如下修改也是正确的。

但是这些规则的应用必须以逻辑意思明确为基础，不能硬套，比如以下这题：
875.Today’s technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their production history.
(A) small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any other time in their
(B) small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their
(C) small cars that are more fuel-efficient now than ~~those~~at any other time in
(D) more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their
(E) more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in

拍砖，拍砖，共同进步~~~

-- by 会员三零年代 (2010/11/7 14:31:20)

其实这个题目A选项now的存在并不好，会造成与前面today的重复。另外A这么改了还是有两个错误
1.少了that are会造成"现在造的小车在现在和在过去"的confusion--现在造的和过去一模一样的小车，现在开起来就省油，以前开起来就不省油了（难道因为驾驶员不懂事?）
2.最后那个their的指代不明
应该说C的写法是最好的.
按三零年代说的，C改为这个以后：small cars that are more fuel-efficient now than ~~those~~at any other time in
还是有和上面说的第1点的awkward。

aeoluseros · 发表于 2010-12-15 12:06:15

652.Since the movie was released seventeen UFOs have been sighted in the state, more than had been sighted in the past ten years together.

had been sighted的补出或许不是为了明确从句时态，只是单纯的未倒装问题，贴个类似的句子（下句来自prep08正确句子）：

Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies—fewer than have been killed by bee stings.

jianglindenise · 发表于 2011-5-19 20:56:33

jianglindenise · 发表于 2011-5-19 20:57:10

讲得太好了~~~

THX~受益匪浅~

Joseph_lin · 发表于 2011-5-24 00:15:17

但是这些规则的应用必须以逻辑意思明确为基础，不能硬套，比如以下这题：
875.Today’s technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their production history.
(A) small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their
(B) small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their
(C) small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in
(D) more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their
(E) more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in
the key:C 这里就不是时间状语的比较，虽然结构上A完全符合时间状语的比较规则（状语刚好分在than的两边），但是逻辑意思不对：首先比较的对象不应该是时间状语而是make的宾语cars，时间只是修饰cars的，作为定语，不像上面的例子作状语修饰的是整个句子；其次主语有时间修饰或者有与时间有关的形容词（表达随时间变化的意思）如Increasing，rising修饰的时候，省略主语有时会造成逻辑错误，如本题中today’s technology allowed manufacturers to make cars at any time in their production history.显然错误。

LZ说这里后面的时间状语是做car的定语的，和上面的不一样，那么Heating-oil prices are expected to be higer this year than last year,这句话里我时候也能说是今年的油价和去年的油价比，今年和去年也都是修饰oil的，做oil的定语的呢？因为上面是that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in their production history.也是主谓状的结构，Heating-oil prices are expected to be higer this year than last year也是主谓状的结构哦

Joseph_lin · 发表于 2011-5-24 00:23:46

Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than it was in any previous election.

A. a greater proportion than it was
B. a greater proportion than
C. a greater proportion than they have been
D. which is greater than was so
E. which is greater than it has been

这道我倒觉得是你说的那种时间状语做定语的情况，因为 proportion没有主谓这样的结构，所以in any previous election是来修饰proportion做定语的

Joseph_lin · 发表于 2011-5-24 00:28:34

反正我觉得直到现在，句子当中带状语的比较句一直都没有一个定论，什么时候可以省略，什么时候不能省略，什么时候只能用it/they，什么时候只能用those/that (一般和前面提到的东西一样的用it/they,不一样就用those/that，但是因为句子中有状语了，所以有的时候很难界定说这样东西到底变了没有，所以有的时候不知道用it/they,还是those/that，就如果那道用as the case，谈毅大哥给出的解释就是因为比较的东西已经起了变化不是一样的东西了，就不能用it/they了)

希望哪位大牛能有一个完整的总结贴

关于状语比较的一些心得，OG12-41，OG12-93

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