OG54还是不懂，请教

53. There is no consensus on what role. if any, is played by acid rain in slowing the growth or damaging forests in the eastern United States.

(A)  slowing the growth or damaging

(B)  the damage or the slowing of the growth of

(C)  the damage to or the slowness of the growth of

(D)  damaged or slowed growth of

    （E） damaging or slowing the growth of

In choices B and C, the use of the damage instead of damaging produces awkward and wordy constructions, and without to after damage, B is grammati­cally incomplete. In C, the slowness o/does not convey the original sense that the rate of growth has been slowed by acid rain. 为何B中damage 需要加to？而E中就不需要？因为一个是动词一个是名词？

damage 作为名词，后要加to， 作为动词，是极物动词，直接加对象。