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Both A and B must be true!!!
A: it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clause, and it APPLIES TO THE SUBJECT of that clause;
the subject of the preceding clause should also make sense as the agent of the VING action.
逻辑主语是SVO这个process抽象出来的名词
主语发出了第一个动作，由此产生了第二个动作 所以，第二个动作是由主语间接发出的, 也就是说"applies to the subject”
B: One of the following is true:
(1) the “Ving" action is SIMULTANEOUS with, and SUBORDINATE to, the main action;
说白了就是各种状语，how/why/where/when，要想用这种状语，ving至少要能回答上述任一个问题，否则就不会是状语。
(2) the “Ving" action is a DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE of the main action.
说白了就是描述其间接后果。
A butterfly in the Amazon forest flaps its wings, stimulating tornado in west coast.
the modifier should modify the action of the preceding clause;
Biochemists found that geldanamycin induces cellular stress, leading to cell death. 正确
Biochemists found that geldanamycin induces cellular stress, promoting the development of anti-cancer drugs. 错误???
Biochemists found that geldanamycin induces cellular stress, a finding promoting the development of anti-cancer drugs.正确
感谢baby姐的精彩例句。
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-650744-1-1.html
另外在搜54题解释时候搜到了ron对于ving是不是只能修饰preceding clause的说法，貌似和baby的例子相悖，放在这里。
http://www.beatthegmat.com/modifier-issue-expert-t87486.html
also, bear in mind that there is some flexibility here -- if a comma + -ING modifier follows a complex expression that has more than one subject+verb pair, then you may have to use a certain amount of common sense to distinguish what is modified. the modifier still must modify the same rules, but could refer to either of the subject/verb combinations.
e.g. i carried a bag containing six incubators that enclosed baby chicks, supporting them with nutrients and heat. here, the comma -ing modifier modifies only the second subject+verb pair. shown in color: i carried a bag containing six incubators that enclosed baby chicks, supporting them with nutrients and heat. VS. i dropped a bag containing six incubators that enclosed baby chicks, breaking two of them and endangering the chicks' lives. here, the comma -ing modifier modifies the entire preceding clause. shown in color: i dropped a bag (containing six incubators that enclosed baby chicks), breaking two of them and endangering the chicks' lives.
when we say "immediate consequence, we mean a consequence that is proximate, immediate, and produced as an essentially unavoidable result of the main action.
for instance:
the bullet entered Smith's brain, killing him instantly
this is an immediate and automatic consequence; if the bullet does this, then smith will be killed.
john scored 90 on the most recent test, raising his overall average by two points
again, an immediate and automatic consequence; if john gets this score, there will automatically be the stated consequence for his average.
my brother, who ate bagel bites for breakfast every single day of his high school career, graduated in 1994.
correct; his eating bagel bites had no impact on his graduation date.
my brother ate bagel bites for breakfast every single day of his high school career, graduating in 1994. -->
incorrect; these are two unrelated observations, but this construction erroneously implies some sort of relationship.
in the problem at hand, drawing new conclusions is not an automatic and essentially unavoidable consequence of amassing the knowledge in question;
the researchers must actively go beyond just amassing the knowledge to draw those conclusions.
同理参见Emily Dickinson’s letter那题
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发表于 2015-4-20 16:25:46
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