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帮助你学习语法<来源"太傻">
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肯德基语法笔记 taisha 2003-11-11 18:12:29 |
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托福语法是件体力活，多做几遍真题，熟中就能生巧，再在做题的间隙看看语法书总结总结规律，语法部分基本上就没有多大问题了。但是，对于托友们来说，最稀缺的是时间，托福真题上百套，如果真的做上3遍，恐怕即耗费时间，也未必有效。我个人认为，将9508以后的真题做熟足以。如果精力过剩，可以看看8901---9501的题。当然，要想在语法上挣到足够的分数，做完题后多多总结也是极为必要的，只有不断总结做错的题，才能够将作错的数目逐步降下来，直到做错数为0。肯德基语法笔记就是出于这样的目的一页一页写下来的。
肯德基语法笔记是我自己的做题笔记。包括三部分，即9508以前的真题，9508---9910的真题和2000年以来的真题。9508以前的语法点现在基本不考了，所以我只是收集了一些较为基本的语法知识；9508---9910主要纪录的是语法点，现在还很有用；2000年以来的主要是对考题新动向的总结，以及一些较难的新题型。
此笔记适合将真题做完一遍之后看，未作完一遍看笔记作用不大；整个笔记两三个小时就可以看完，看2遍足矣，然后再做第二遍真题。
至于为什么要将肯德基牵扯进来，并非我对其中的美味情有独钟。我是在职考试，每天上班很忙，根本没有时间复习，即就是偶尔有空，也得偷偷摸摸的，自我感觉很不爽，于是乎，我干脆用上班的空余时间休息。于是乎，也就只剩下下班后的时间了。
每天下午6点下班后，我先打印2套语法题出来，然后带着题在小饭馆里边吃拉面边做题，基本上一顿饭吃完，一套语法题也就做完了；然后，我骑上自己的单车再到附近的肯德基买杯咖啡，在人数相对稀少的二楼找个偏僻的位子坐下来，做完剩下来的一套语法题，并对答案，做总结，记笔记，做阅读；晚上11点的时候，肯德基要打烊了，我再回到自己底价租来的简易房里，这时已经听不到喧闹声了，我开始做听力，直到2点半以后；早晨7点30在闹钟声中醒来，开始为生计奔波。周而复始一个多月下来，肯德基的waitresses基本都认识我了，即就是到了打烊的时候，她们也不赶我走，我在一边做题，她们在一边一声不吭地打扫卫生，这幅景象，和谐得就像在天堂里。为了表示谢意，我遂给自己的语法笔记取了现在这个名字。
但愿自己的笔记对托友们有些许帮助。也算是献给太傻论坛的一份感谢礼。
流浪的单车
09/29/03
语法规则第一条：单数可数名词不能单独存活，前面必须加冠词
例：I like the flower 或者I like flowers. 不能说I like flower.
黄金规则一：
谓语单一原则：一个句子有且只有一个谓语。双谓语，必有连接词[连词，关系代词、副词]；反过来，如果出现了连词、关系代词、副词，就必须有第二个谓语。主句从句各有一个谓语。
黄金规则二：
在时间、条件、让步、方式壮语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语构成中有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词一块可以省略。
例：the building was ……….，when built…………。
Of 的用法：of 前面一定是名词。Of 的后面不一定非要是名词，但一般是名词。
简例：n1+of+n2
As的后面可以跟一个从句：eg: as good as she is
托福语法解题圣经：
1、 不要怀疑题目出错
2、 不要想方设法读懂题目
3、 一定要把题目读完：因为最沙蔽的错误可能还在后头
4、 副词修饰形容词，放在形容词前
5、 副词一般不修饰名词
6、 形容词修饰名词放在名词前
7、 介词后面必有宾语
8、 及物动词后面必须有宾语
9、 形容词性的物主代词后面必须有名词：it(them)+of+( )必错：--〉their
10、关系代词在从句中必定作成分
作宾语的关系代词可以省略，作主语的关系代词永远不能省略
需要背熟的几个语法点：
1. 6个动词可主动可被动: 1）主动+双宾: name +n1+n2; 2) 被动+n：n1+be -ed +n2
name, call/ appoint, elect, select/ consider
consider的3个形式：
1）+双宾 consider sth+ sth/ as sth / to be sth
2）consider sth + adj 3) 被动+n: be considered +n
9701, 38. Most authorities consider both dreaming while sleep and daydreaming to be forms
of fantasy.
9608,29. In The Sociology of Science, now considered a classic, Robert Merton discusses cultural, economy, and social forces that contributed to the development of modern science
9712na,27. The modern detective story in which a detective solves a crime by discovering and interpretation evidence, is considered to have originated with Edgar Allan Poe’s "The Murders in the Rue Morgue"
9805,13. Willa Cather considered her novel of life in nineteenth-century Nebraska, My Antonia,---
(A)was her best work (B) her best work (C) her best work it was (D) being her best work
9801,11 Colloquialisms,---of informal spoken language, are often considered inappropriate for more formal written language.
(A) expression which are characteristic (B) which characteristic expressions
(C) are expressions characteristic (D) expressions can be characteristic
0201,38. During the nineteenth century the molecular theory of matter was developed,
which considered all matter to be composed of tiny, indivisible entity called molecules.
2. 6个状从引导词：
when, while, if / although, though, even though
3. 后面跟不定式的6个动词:
1）allow, permit/ want, require/ cause, enable + sb + to do
2）如果其后没有名词，只有动词，则+ doing
3）be + -ed + to do sth : he is permitted to go to learn
4. 后面是that引导的名从：
I [think, believe, agree, estimate, discover, demonstrate, illustrate, show, state, indicate]+that
5. 常跟that同谓语的名词：
discovery, decision, evidence, observation, statement, opinion, thought, idea, truth, conclusion, news, hope, explation, doubt
6. 常跟doing的动词
avoid, enjoy, mind, keep (on), celebrate, finish, spend, give up
can not help doing sth can not stand doing sth
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth
have a hard/ difficult time (in) doing sth
be skillful/skilled at/in doing sth
7. make的4种用法：1）make sth impossible 2) make impossible sth[宾语太长]
3) make it impossible to/that[形式宾语] 4) make n1 + n2双宾
Before 8901:
1. most的5种形式：
1) most of+n /ns 2) most+n /ns 3) the most+adj+n [只此+the]
4) most+adj+than 比较结构 5）the most + adj +介词短语[范围]:形容词名词化
2. alike和like, unlike
like介词，no like; alike表语形容词 not alike，alike可做名词的后置定语
3. less/much+不可数
few/many+可数
4.比较级前面的副词：much , a little, far, no,
5. enough的用法： 1) enough + n +to do 2) adj /adv + enough + to do
6. 复合介词是否完整：
according to/ in accordance with/ along with/ apart from/ as to/ by means of/ in terms of [根据]
in spite of/ owning to/ with regard to/ for the sake of/ in line with/ in view of [由于/考虑到]
in addition to/ as a result of
7. 1) learn+from+n; 2) learn+how/what/when/where从句
8901-9505
1． 1) much+n[不可数]; many+ns
2) much+比较级；very+形容词原型 3)much+过分；very+现分
2． the A of B+v+ v与of前的名词A数一致，A是中心词，B修饰A
3. 三个表示“而不是”的词组，只考搭配，不考意思：other than; rather than; instead of
4. 改错: beyond far  far beyond
5. 动词前有be, 后面要么被动-ed，要么进行；看见by, 往前查动词；看见-ed, 往前找be/been
6．中间不加冠词：at birth, at adult, at first, at last
in future, in nature, in history, in adolescence[青年时期]
7. 只考四种时态：一般现在时 [进行时不考]
in+过去时间：过去时
after+过去时间/事：过去时
before+过去时/事：过去完成时had
since……：现在完成时have, has
8．at----time: 是固定搭配 at one time, at some time,
9．prove主动表被动：三种形式
1）s+prove to be/do 2) s+prove +that从句 3) s+prove+n短语
feed on/upon: 以……为食 主动表被动：the adult bee feeds on flower. feed: n.草料v.
10. 冠词+n+介词：常考1题
scholars tend to cite 1831 as the started of united states abolitionist movement. startedstart
11.比较级than前后助动词严格对应
----take---than / do
----have sth----than / do, have, has
----is----than / is, am, was, were
12. self 不可以单独使用，herself 等
13．后面没有比较范围时，形容词最高级相当于形容词，前面不加the
Salt lake city, Utah’s capital and largest city, is [industrial] and banking center.
industrialan industrial, 由于中间插入语干扰，单数名词center 前少冠词
14．Since+从句---〉原因 since+时间短语—〉自从，完成时
15．Five years or older, five inches or taller, 依次类推，固定搭配
16．That are positive, negative, or both. 固定格式
17．nearlyadv几乎不 near—〉介词，接近
18. 四个常被动：be based on / be located in / be associate with / be concerted in
19．Many of the science fiction publications by Ray Bradbury display a desire to rebel against society’s depend on machines. dependdependence. publication:出版物，可数
20. 花费时间金钱等： 1) it take sb+ sometimes +to do sth
2) it take somtimes +for sb to do sth
21. 年代的固定格式：between 1906 and 1908; throughout the 1930’s; since the 1980’s;
from 1990 to/until 1993 ; dating back to 1980;
in the late 1880’s ， in the early 1880’s
22. Paper is strong under tension instead crumples easily under the stress of compression.
经常考: insteadbut;
while+n 常错，while是连词，应该跟从句或省略的从句[分词] whileduring
23. 形容词短语后置修饰名词：
n1+ necessary for +n: the action necessary for chewing and swallowing
n1+ typical of +n:
24. by means of , as a means of, in terms of，means [方式]无论在任何时候都用复数
25. the architect rural is perhaps the most complex of the arts. 
26. 形容词：1）单独修饰名词：名词前
2）形容词短语：后置名词后
3）5个表语形容词后置修饰名词：afraid, aware, asleep, alone, alike
a person alone / a lonely person
29. control: n. v. 控制 control board: 控制台 control是名词修饰名词
safety glass:安全玻璃 safety是名词
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主题 |
TOEFL语法常考名词 taisha 2003-11-11 18:13:10 |
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来源：太傻论坛 作者：inter-ren
1. 不可数名词：
Furniture luggage clothing equipment poetry jewelry
machinery weaponry scenery information knowledge evidence
foliage health advertising
2.学科名词（不可数，不加冠词）：
mathematics economics statistics physics politics mechanics
genetics geology geography chemistry philosophy biology
history astronomy
3. 单复数特殊名词：
man/men woman/women tooth/teeth foot/feet goose/geese
basis/bases analysis/analyses crisis/crises hypothesis/hypotheses
axis/axes alga/algae larva/larvae fungus/fungi stimulus/stimuli
datum/data bacterium/bacteria medium/media spectrum/spectra
mouse/mice child/children phenomenon/phenomena
4.单复数同行 ：
aircraft spacecraft series species means sheep deer fish
salmon trout carp starfish jellyfish shellfish walrus
5. 可跟that同位从句：
observation, fact, belief, discovery, doubt, statement, conclusion, decision idea,
evidence, hope, news, opinion, thought, rumor, explanation, truth
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[此贴子已经被作者于2005-3-18 0:08:36编辑过] |
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发表于 2005-3-17 13:43:00
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