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such as,首先明确,是名词的修饰成分
名词的修饰成分有两种,必要的修饰成分和不必要的修饰成分;
加不加逗号就取决于such as...的内容是必要的,还是不必要的
The house painted red is mine; That house, painted red, is mine
这里要看,去掉修饰成分之后,被修饰的名词是否是明确的,可被辨别的:which house is mine?
第一个句子:the house. (but which one? not clear) 第二个句子:that house. (clear)
第一个句子,没有黑体部分,不能回答问题,即使the表示特指,但是特指是哪个?那么此时的painted red就是“必要的修饰成分”,它的作用就是使得the house is unique and distinguishable.
同理,第二个句子,那个房子,这里that本身就指明了是“那个”,而不是其他的,那么,此时,painted red就是不必要的,因为有没有这个修饰成分,the house can be distinguished.
the与that/this这个比较比较抽象,但是体会一下还是好理解的。
同样,具体到such as
They should clearly post emergency phone numbers, such as police, the FBI, the fire department.
Q: what numbers should they post? emergency phone numbers. clear. 这里,such as...是修饰不到整体的E phone numbers的,这里的emergency相当于形容词的作用
Matt enjoys intense activities, such as driving fast cars.(曼哈顿中习语部分一个正确的句子)
what activities does M enjoy? intense activities. clear. 所以这里such as前面加了逗号
Matt trains in many ways such as by driving on racetracks. 这句话,such as...作为必要的名词的修饰成分是一点错误没有的;in which ways does M train? many ways? not cleat enough,所以后面要加上必要的修饰成分。
这句话错误,是因为such as后,by doing的使用不正确。在R驾驶是M训练的一种方法,对吧?那么by driving is a way to train 还是 driving is a way to train?通过“驾驶”是一种训练方法?还是“驾驶”是一种训练方法?当然是后者,那个by是多余的。同样的,such as to do,to do不会以一种训练方法。 |
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