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I. 当一个句子中包含两个事件或动作发生在不同的时间，较后发生者为一般过去式，在句子中没有其他含有明显顺序暗示的词语例如before, after时，较前发生者用过去完成时。或者也可以理解为，当句子的语境在过去时，以一般过去式的动作为参考，发生在这个动作之前的动作就相当于一般现在时的现在完成时，也就是过去完成时。（所以当句子中没有出现明显一般过去式的时候，只要整个语境是沉浸在过去的环境中，就还是需要用past perfect）It's not that simple.
"Had __ed" implies that the first event had a tangible impact on the second one.
E.g.,
I was pulled over by a traffic cop on Tuesday, so I was glad that I had paid my license fee on Monday!
--> You can see the impact here. Monday's action (my paying the license fee) had a tangible impact on Tuesday's situation (since I had paid the fee, I wouldn't get in trouble for not paying it).
vs.
This has been a bad week. Not only was I struck by lightning on Monday, but I received a traffic ticket on Tuesday.
--> "Had been struck" would be wrong here, because there's no reasonable relationship between these two events.
Although he resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
A. Although he resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
B. Although he had resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
C. Although he resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, had successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
D. Although he had resisted the assignment, Lawrence of Arabia, who successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire, was earlier known as T. E. Lawrence.
E. T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire, although they had resisted the assignment.
(B)
Though he had had success broadcasting his controversial radio program on highly regulated terrestrial airwaves, Howard Stern opted out of terrestrial broadcasting in favor of the less regulated satellite radio medium.
A. Though he had had
B. Though he has had
C. Even though he had
D. Having had
E. Having achieved
(A,这题还考到了having done, …. 前者作为后者的基础，后者作为前者的结果）
Until Antoine Lavoisier proved otherwise in the eighteenth century, many scientists had believed that combustion released phlogiston, an imaginary substance whose properties were not fully understood.
A. many scientists had believed that combustion released phlogiston, an imaginary substance whose properties were not fully understood
B. many scientists believed that phlogiston was an imaginary substance released by combustion and its properties were not fully understood
C. phlogiston was an imaginary substance whose properties were not fully understood and which many scientists had believed was released by combustion
D. phlogiston, an imaginary substance whose properties were not fully understood, was believed by scientists to be released by combustion
E. many scientists had believed that phlogiston was released by combustion and was an imaginary substance whose properties were not fully understood
(A, 这题还考到了对句意的理解，比如E选项就没没有语法错误但是因为逻辑矛盾所以不能选）
Garibaldi captured Rome in 1870, in the final step in Italian Reunification, and as a consequence, the Vatican has ceased holding an army and had become a purely religious institution.
A. Vatican has ceased holding an army and had become
B. Vatican had ceased holding an army, becoming
C. Vatican, ceasing to hold an army, becomes
D. Vatican has ceased holding an army and becomes
E. Vatican ceased to hold an army and has become
(E. 如果使用了past perfect, 那么意思就变成了cease holding an army发生在capture Rome之前，不符合逻辑）
Although decisive victories at Midway and in the Guadalcanal campaign had raised hopes against Japan for a readily attainable Allied victory, the fierce battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa forced the conclusion that defeating the Japanese home islands would be neither quick nor easy.
A. had raised hopes against Japan for a readily attainable Allied victory
B. had raised hopes that an Allied victory against Japan was readily attainable
C. had raised hopes for an Allied victory against Japan that had been readily attainable
D. raised hopes that an Allied victory over Japan had been readily attainable
E. raised hopes in a readily attainable Allied victory against Japan
(B)
Walter Mondale had a long difficult struggle leading up to the 1984 Democratic Presidential Primary, though he consolidated his lead for the nomination, but he won only 13 electoral votes in the general election
A. Walter Mondale had a long difficult struggle leading up to the 1984 Democratic Presidential Primary, though he consolidated his lead for the nomination, but he won only
B. Having had a long difficult struggle leading up to the 1984 Democratic Presidential Primary, Walter Mondale still consolidated the nomination lead, only winning
C. After a long difficult struggle leading up to the 1984 Democratic Presidential Primary, Walter Mondale consolidated his lead for the nomination, but he won only
D. A long difficult struggle leading up to the 1984 Democratic Presidential Primary, Walter Mondale, consolidating his lead for the nomination, but he won only
E. Walter Mondale had a long difficult struggle leading up to the 1984 Democratic Presidential Primary, consolidated his lead for the nomination, and only won
(C, AB用的过去完成时没有问题，但是因为句子中还有其他错误不能选)
China was united under the Qin and Han before Buddhism would have been introduced, united again four centuries later in the Tang Dynasty, a time now regarded as the "golden age" of Chinese Buddhism.
A. was united under the Qin and Han before Buddhism would have been introduced, united
B. had been united under the Qin and Han before Buddhism had been introduced, united
C. had been united under the Qin and Han before Buddhism was introduced, and it was united
D. was united under the Qin and Han before Buddhism had been introduced, and they were united
E. was united under the Qin and Han before Buddhism would have been introduced, and they had been united
(C.)
A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.
A. reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump
B. reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping
C. reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed to dump
D. reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump
E. reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities
(A,理解句意很重要，这里说的the amount of phosphates是指之前被允许的，不是修改后被允许的，所以用past perfect)
According to some analysts, the gains in the stock market reflect growing confidence that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come in for a "soft landing," followed by a gradual increase in business activity.
A. that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come
B. in the economy to avoid the recession, what many feared earlier in the year, rather to come
C. in the economy's ability to avoid the recession, something earlier in the year many had feared, and instead to come
D. in the economy to avoid the recession many were fearing earlier in the year, and rather to come
E. that the economy will avoid the recession that was feared earlier this year by many, with it instead coming
(A, time marker "earlier in the year")
Ozone, a special form of oxygen that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays, reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it has long appeared that it was immune from human influence; we have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.
A. has long appeared that it was immune from
B. has long appeared to have been immune from
C. has long appeared as being immune to
D. had long appeared immune to
E. had long appeared that it was immune to
(D. 第二句的we have now realized说明前一个分句是在讲过去的事情，因此应该用past perfect)
The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to pursue what they had not previously considered possible--better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as measles and yaws.
A. what they had not previously considered possible--better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as
B. what they had not previously considered a possibility--better control, if not eradication, of such infections like
C. something they had not previously considered possible-better control, if not eradication, of such infections as
D. something not considered a previous possibility--better control and perhaps eradication, of other infections such as
E. the possibility of what they had not previously considered--better control and possibly eradication of infections like
(C,很明显the success of the program to eradicate smallpox发生在过去，整个句子都是过去的语境，因此应该用past perfect)
By the late 1960s, the rising number of American casualties in Vietnam and the 1968 Tet Offensive, the Viet Cong's coordinated surprise attack on American installations throughout the whole of Vietnam, suggested that Vietnam was an ultimately unwinnable situation for the United States.
A. suggested that Vietnam was an ultimately unwinnable situation for the United States
B. suggested Vietnam to be an ultimate unwinnable situation to the United States
C. had suggested that Vietnam was an ultimately unwinnable situation to the United States
D. suggesting Vietnam to be an ultimately unwinnable situation to the United States
E. suggesting that Vietnam was an ultimate unwinnable situation for the United States
(A,很简单就是过去的两个事件得出了一个结论，所以不能用past participle)
II. 过去完成时只是一种表示时序的方法，当句子中还有其他表示时序的marker出现时（例如具体时间，before， after等等），使用过去完成时就会造成redundancy。 In a way, this is a kind of redundancy, because the information about which event was earlier is given in two different ways. It’s not as glaring as other forms of redundancy, but it’s certainly suspicious to the GMAT. The GMAT will often consider use of the past perfect tense incorrect if there are other clear indicators of time sequence in the sentence.
James Joyce wrote the novel Ulysses through the teens and published it in 1922, although in 1906, when he was finishing the short story collection Dubliners, he had considered the addition of another story about the canvasser Bloom, who was Jewish and who later was the title Ulysses character.
A. he had considered the addition of another story about the canvasser Bloom, who was Jewish and who later was the title Ulysses character.
B. he had been considering that he add an additional extra story, the Jewish canvasser Bloom, and to later make him the Ulysses‘ title character.
C. considering the inclusion of the story of Bloom, the Jewish canvasser who would become the Ulysses title character later
D. he considered including another story about the Jewish canvasser Bloom, who later would be the title character of the Ulysses
E. he considered adding the Jewish canvasser Bloom’s story, and Bloom later would have become the Ulysses title character
(D)
Long before Thomas Edison made a long-lasting and commercially viable incandescent lightbulb, the British chemist Sir Humphry Davy in 1802 created the first prototype of the lightbulb, that was too bright and burned out too quickly.
A. in 1802 created the first prototype of the lightbulb, that was
B. made the first prototype in 1802, but it was
C. had created in 1802 the first prototype of the lightbulb, although this would be
D. had created the 1802 prototype, the first one, which had been
E. in 1802 had made the first prototype, but this would be
(B)
III. 如果是间接引语中的past perfect, 上述规则不成立（其实I还说得通，但是II不适用了）。The rules for tenses in indirect speech supersede the normal tense tules in English. Though I agree that it's somewhat odd logically since it feels like you're losing some inportant information by missing with tenses(such as losing the clear indication that a past perfect event happened before a past event), that's how indirect speech works in English. Past tense in direct speech always becomes pat perfect tense in indirect speech. Past perfect tense in direct speech remains past perfect tense in indirect speech.
The spokeswoman for the national laboratory announced that, while the lab had been operating at a loss in the 1990s, it had become profitable in 2006, and would continue to yield high profits at least until 2025.
A. had been operating at a loss in the 1990s, it had become profitable in 2006, and would continue
B. had been operating at a loss in the 1990s, although becoming profitable in 2006, and will continue
C. had been operating at a loss in the 1990s, it became profitable in 2006, continuing
D. operated at a loss in the 1990s, becoming profitable in 2006, then would continue
E. operated at a loss in the 1990s, becoming profitable in 2006, and continuing
(A. 注意到虽然含有明确的指向时间的marker比如in the 1990s,但是还是使用了past perfect,因为这里是考察announced后的间接引语，因而规则II不适用）
The people of the ancient Near East believed that the Earth's dry land first appeared when the Creator has separated the "water above" from the "water below," and that there is another ocean in the sky, above the firmament.
A. appeared when the Creator has separated the "water above" from the "water below," and that there is
B. appeared as the Creator was separating the "water above" from the "water below," and that there would be
C. had appeared as the Creator has separated the "water above" from the "water below," and that there is
D. had appeared when the Creator had separated the "water above" from the "water below", and that there was
E. has appeared with the Creator having separated the "water above" from the "water below," and that there was
(D)
Geologist Charles Lyell (1797 – 1875) believed the theologians of previous centuries had vastly underestimated the age of the Earth and that evidence will justify a much older Earth compared to what they previously expected.
A. the theologians of previous centuries had vastly underestimated the age of the Earth and that evidence will justify a much older Earth compared to what they previously expected
B. the theologians of previous centuries vastly underestimated the age of the Earth and that evidence would justify a much older Earth than was previously suspected
C. that the theologians of previous centuries vastly underestimated the age of the Earth and that evidence will justify a much older Earth compared to the previously expected
D. that the theologians of previous centuries had vastly underestimated the age of the Earth and that evidence would justify a much older Earth than was previously suspected
E. that the theologians of previous centuries vastly underestimated the age of the Earth and that evidence will justify a much older Earth than they previously suspected
(D)
IV. Past perfect还在虚拟语态中用到
If Rome did not fall, the Dark Ages had not been so severe throughout Europe.
A. did not fall, the Dark Ages had not been
B. did not fall, the Dark Ages would not have been
C. had not fallen, the Dark Ages would not have been
D. were not to fall, the Dark Ages might not have been
E. were not to have fallen, the Dark Ages had not been
(C.)
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发表于 2019-9-22 08:21:10
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