Critical-thinking instruction is predicted on two assumptions: that there are clearly identifiable thinking skills that students can be taught to recognize and apply appropriately, and if recognized and applied, students will become more effective thinkers.

• Aif recognized and applied, students  
• Bif these skills are recognized and applied, that students  
• Cif students recognize and apply them, that they  
• Dthat if recognized and applied, students  
• Ethat if students recognize and apply these skills, they