Source: 根据CD讨论整理的个人笔记,批判着看,错了狠狠拿板砖砸。。。
独立主格结构 E.g.: The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back.(MET'91) 独立主格结构,又叫独立结构(absolute construction)。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外,跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,只有逻辑上的主语,因此,它在句法上不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。 独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾,用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构可分为两部分,一部分是名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。 A. 名词/代词+形容词 E.g.: He stood silent in the moon-light,his door open. E.g.: I heard that she got injured in the accident,my heart full of worry. B. 名词/代词+现在分词 - E.g.: Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. C. 名词/代词+过去分词 - E.g.: More time given, we should have done it much better. D. 名词/代词+不定式 E.g.: Two boys said goodbye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. E. 名词/代词+介词短语 - E.g.: The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. F. 名词/代词+副词 - E.g.: Lunch over, he left the house. G. 名词/代词+名词 - E.g.: He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. H. with复合结构 - GMAT常考点(且独立主格结构仅有考点) 它的构成是:“with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当,宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。 E.g.: He used to sleep, with the door open. 他过去常开着门睡觉。(形容词) E.g.: With a boy leading the way,they started towards the village. (现在分词) E.g.: With the work done,he went home. (过去分词) E.g.: With you to help us,we will finish the task in time. (不定式) E.g.: Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on at night. (副词) 从以上例句可以看出:在with复合结构中,宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态时,用现在分词;当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态时,用过去分词;当这种主谓关系表示将来意义时,用不定式;当这种主谓关系表示伴随意义时,用现在分词或副词。 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。 A. 表示时间 - Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. B. 表示条件 - The condition being favorable, he may succeed. C. 表示原因 - There being no taxis, we had to walk. D. 表示伴随情况 - Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 独立主格形式选择时需要注意两个问题: 1)现在分词还是过去分词? 在独立主格结构中,主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时,用现在分词。如:Winter coming ,it gets colder and colder.一句中,“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系,用现在分词;主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时,用过去分词。如:More money given,we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained.一句中,“money”和“give”是动宾关系(被动关系),用过去分词。 2)分词结构还是独立结构? 上面的例子告诉我们,独立结构常常可以看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来的。但是,如果从句和主句的主语相同,则不可改为独立结构。 例如:Since he was very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles. 不可改为: He being very tired with his walk, he…. 但可改为:Being very tired with his walk, he…. 3)一般英语语法与GMAT SC的区别 逻辑主语+being sth/adj.的结构为独立主格,一般意义来说没有错误。但在GMAT语法当中,禁止出现表主动的being结构,一律awkward;同理,禁止having done结构,一定要转化为从句;另外A – G的独立主格形式GAMT都不喜欢,仅有with的符合结构为常见结构! |