Dash prep 2008归纳

基础知识：
Dash: GMAT 认为就是加强版的逗号，冒号，分号。
         1. Dash 与逗号互通，比如dash 可能会替代用两个逗号标出的插入语，一个逗号引出的同位语
         2. Dash优于逗号的情况，一个很多items中的一项包含同位语，这个同位语就要用dash标出；
         3. Dash优于冒号的情况，dash后面的解释项可以不需要紧挨着dash前的被解释项。
详细内容参见manhatten 语法conjunction部分

182.
The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign—using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings—that have convinced the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food.

A.using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings—that have convinced
B.using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—that has convinced
C.by using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—in convincing
D.by the use of Web sites, public meetings, as well as mass mailings—that convinced
E.which used Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—in convincing

答案：B
破折号里面做插入语。破折号起解释说明。

193.
New equipment and other improvements reduced the amount of time—from eleven hours in 1982 to six in 1988—needed by workers so that they could produce a ton of steel.

A.needed by workers so that they could produce
B.needed when workers are producing
C.workers need in producing
D.workers needed to produce
E.workers need for their producing of

答案：D  
破折号里面是插入语。破折号起解释说明

OG 99. Ranked as one of the most important of Europe’s young playwrights, Franz Xaver Kroetz has written 40 plays; his works—translated into more than 30 languages—are produced more often than any contemporary German dramatist.

(A) than any
(B) than any other
(C) than are any
(D) than those of any other
(E) as are those of any
破折号里面是插入语

218.(GWD7-Q4)
Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies—less than those killed by bee stings.

A.movies—less than those
B.movies—fewer than have been
C.movies, which is less than those
D.movies, a number lower than the people
E.movies, fewer than the ones

答案：B  
破折号在这里的作用有两个：1. 起对比，强调大白鲨的致死率小；2. 在句子结构上强调了，与前面的"the man..."，在句子结构上的不一致。否则变成：Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies， fewer than those killed by bee stings. 感觉上都是the great white shark 的同位语。

235.(GWD-9-Q1)A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer's Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man

A.Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
B.Black Americans—including Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
C.a Black American—including Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
D.a Black American—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
E.a Black American—the others being Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man

答案：E
破折号起解释说明的作用。


.......
上面这些题目，表明的一个问题就是 dash is a emphathic comma, semicolon, or colon.
所以，在有的题目中dash类似comma， 有些题目类似分号，或者冒号。