OG 11th Idiom小结；及一些基本语法点

刚刚做完OG第三遍，一点笔记和大家分享

1. In contrast with X, Y......

    In contrast to X, Y....

    2 phrases are exchangable

2. estimate to be ( correct)          estimate at (wrong)

3. Probably ( written english)  maybe (oral english)

4. because > because of / on account of doing

5. the same to A as to B

6. be in danger of doing sth

7. X is/are as much as Y;   X is not/ are not so much as Y

8. credit X with doing

   X is expected to

9. in order to do

    in order that

10. rivalry between X and Y

      revals X and Y

11. sth is believed to be

12. consider sth sth   ( when consider means 'think or believe after carefully deliberation)

      consider sb/sth as  ( to think sb/sth in a particular way)

     consider  sb/sth to be (wrong)

13. restriction on

14. act like : to behave or comport oneself

     act as: describe the function of a thing

15. If X happened, Y would happen;

     If X happens, Y will happen

16, doubt whether

     have no doubt that

17 an age in which / when ( exchangeble)

     a phenomenon in which

18. as a mean to do sth ( correct)

      as a mean of doing sth ( wrong)

19. attribute X (the effect) to Y (the cause)

     X ( the effect) is attributed to Y( the cause)

20. require, request, ask, mandate that + 虚拟语气 (should  须省略)

21. order X to be Y

      order that 虚拟语气 (should  须省略

22. Just as X do, so Y do

23, aid in doing

24. distinguish between X and Y

      distinguish X from Y

25. claim to do

      claim that

26. view X as Y (correct)

     view X to be Y (wrong)

27. Double: Verb: double sth; sth is doubled

                    adj: 不能修饰V，此时须用twice   OG-128

1. 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句

    which introduces non-restrictive clauses, which include information relevant but not critical to an understanding of the

    sentense.

   that introduces restrictive clauses, which is critical to understand the sentense because the clause defines its   

    antecedent

2. 现在分词与过去分词

   -ed: refers to something that happened in the past

  -ing: refers to something that continues into present

3. -ing 引导从句放在句末 OG-43

  解释1： 强调同时发生： an action that happens at the same time as the action does in the main clause

  解释2：前面整句话多后面造成的影响； which / it 不能代指一句话

4. when/ if  OG-8

   when indicates a period of time

   if indicates a condition

5. once / after OG - 63

   once 引导条件状语从句

   after 引导时间状语从句

6. ETS长句原则

   1）The subject cannot be too far away from its verb    OG - 102

   2)  A modifying phrase must be placed near the word it modifies. OG -109

   3) as simple / clear as possible OG-103

  当语句逻辑结构，修饰顺序错乱时，

Solution: 找出句子主谓， 然后按照修饰语重要性排列修饰语顺序 （ 分词优先于从句) ,

* The best way to make a sentense direct is to focus on the subject and verb of the sentense

7. 关于插入语  OG 110; 121

  Modifer that interrupts a sentense must be set off with a pair of comma, without the comma, it is easy to mistake the modifying phrase for the subject of the sentense because the verb immediately follows it.

8. 限定性定语从句 优于 of  短语； OG 114

   A lengthy description requires a relative clause. with its subject and verb, a clause is clear

   A series of phrase provides neither the same clarity nor grammatical correctness

9. Parallelism

   Parellel structure involves not only how the parallel elements are formed but also where they are placed in the 

   sentense

9.