og119新问题

119. Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among work­ers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to busi­ness of more than $100 billion a year.

(A)  significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of

(B)   significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost busi­ness

(C)  significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of

(D)  significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing busi­ness

(E)   significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business

Choice B, the best answer, uses clear and concise phrasing to state that it is the effects of drug and alcohol abuse that already cost business the sum mentioned. In A, to business is awkwardly and confusingly inserted between cost and the prepositional phrase that modifies it, and are already a cost to business is wordy and awkward compared to cost business. In C, already with business costs of... is awkward and unclear, failing to specify that those prior effects generate the cost. Choices D and E produce faulty constructions with the phrase significant in compounding, which cannot grammatically modify the verb form is growing.

答案选对没问题

我的问题是怎么理解the effects of  drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost busi­ness的中文意思

翻译成中文:药和酒的效果已经花费了企业一年多余100billion?我怎么觉得怪怪的?

哪位nn帮忙解释一下

谢谢先

谢谢你参与讨论,但是我仔细研读了论坛中og119的讨论连接,已经定论which是修饰effects的另外og解释说的很明白Choice B, the best answer, uses clear and concise phrasing to state that it is the effects of drug and alcohol abuse that already cost business the sum mentioned..本贴最下面我汇总了从讨论连接中汇总的QandA

which在gmat中只能修饰离其最近的名词

唯一的例外是og114而新东方白勇也对这中which的修饰方法有个说法就是:which修饰对象判断原则:名词后面的长宽高或名词后的called分词短语不影响定语从句跳跃修饰长宽高前面的名词或called分词短语前面的名词:定语从句跳跃修饰前面的核心名词

Og119论坛讨论QandA汇总

Q1 119. Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.
(A) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of固定搭配是cost of 之间不能分开;are a cost 不如cost动词简洁
(B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business
(C) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of独立主格
(D) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business
(E) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business
这个题是which答案是B,这里的which的用法，因为后面是cost所以其修饰的不可能是drug或者是 alcohol abuse 所以只能修饰effects这个复数名次。但是又看了一遍我又晕了，他是修饰effects还是drug and alcohol abuse？？？怎末区分？

A1 effects of drug and alcohol abuse中的结构是：复数名词effects + of + 单数名词abuse，而drug and alcohol是修饰abuse的，所以，这道题从语法的单复数上就能确定which修饰effects；当然，从逻辑上我们也能判断出同样的结果。

B中compounding修饰前面一句话 ，也就是分词可以修饰前一句话的中心意思。对于which到底修饰谁，还要看逻辑意思。并不是说就近修饰的。如

1.        From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.

which修饰的是canoe而不是rails 或cedar。

Q2 C, already with business costs of... is awkward and unclear, failing to specify that those prior effects generate the cost.

A2 B. which already cost business

C.already with business costs of

新东方总结出"优先级"的原则, 但他没有说明背后的原理(至少我上课的时候老师没有解释), 只说动词>名词.

其实这个原则很有用. 当把句子中的动词改成名词的时候, 原句中的主谓宾表达的意思就会消失. B中的意思是effects造成了business的开支(有一个动作在里面), 而C变成了business有一种什么样的开支(并没有说谁早成的). C用了with做伴随的方式将原文的动作发出者effects与动作承受者business costs割断关系, 使我们只知道有这样一种开支, 却不知道开支的原因, 即改变了原文的意思. 所以OG解释说: failing to specify that those prior effects to gengrate  the cost.

Q3 Choices D and E produce faulty constructions with the phrase significant in compounding, which cannot grammatically modify the verb form is growing.

A3原来是分词表伴随,significant in变为形容词短语达不到伴随的效果,就近修饰前面的名词worker

Q4 In A, to business is awkwardly and confusingly inserted between cost and the prepositional phrase that modifies it, and are already a cost to business is wordy and awkward compared to cost business.

A4说a cost to busi­ness of more than $100 billion a year是confusingly，是因为歧义，不知道more than $100 billion a year是修饰business还是cost：是说a cost of more than $100 billion a year，还是说business of more than $100 billion a year呢？