GWD2-34 关于presuming的用法

Q34:

B.and whether, if it is presumed that such life forms left some fossil traces to begin with, can those traces
        

C.and whether, presuming such life forms left fossil traces to begin with, those traces
        

D.and, presuming such life forms did leave some fossil traces to begin with, if they can
        

E.and, presuming such life forms to have left fossil traces to begin with, if they

答案是C     可是我查不到presuming的用法 想请教各位nn presuming可不可以直接看成if来理解 其后面要根句子呢

谢谢啦~~

不是nn，这道题我也错了，我选的C

据我理解，presuming只是做伴随状态用，presume是个及物动词，可等于 assume 或 presuppose，要注意的是它是个动词，这里应该做假定的意思讲，没有if里那种的条件的意味吧....

但persum可以加that从句，也可以加to do sth~

Scientists claim that the discovery of the first authenticated 可鉴别的
        mammal bones in amber琥珀 could provide important clues of determining, in addition to how, when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies.

A.      of determining, in addition to how, when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies

B.       in the determination of how and when the islands of the West Indies were colonized by mammals

C.      to determine how mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies and when they did

D.      for determining when the islands of the West Indies were colonized by mammals and how they were

E.       for determining how and when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies

我开始也选C。但是C有一个致命点：就是前后冗长，意思不清。when they did到底是did什么。

比较E中的how and when XXXX就表达清晰多了。

但是这里有一个疑点，就是到底是应该to determine 还是for determining.

其实在表达中，如果是无生命的东西要要表达目的的话，最好是用for doing.

例子：technology for preventing

Early in the twentieth century, Lake
                    Konfa became very polluted.  Recently fish populations have recovered as release of industrial pollutants has declined and the lake’s waters have become cleaner.  Fears are now being voiced that the planned construction of an oil pipeline across the lake’s bottom might revive 复苏
            pollution and cause the fish population to decline again.  However, a technology for preventing leaks is being installed.  Therefore, provided this technology is effective, those fears are groundless.

The argument depends on assuming which of the following?

A.      Apart from development related to the pipeline, there will be no new industrial development around the lake that will create renewed pollution in its waters.

B.       Other than the possibility of a leak, there is no realistic pollution threat posed to the lake by the pipeline’s construction.

C.      There is no reason to believe that the leak-preventing technology would be ineffective when installed in the pipeline in Lake
                    Konfa.

D.      Damage to the lake’s fish populations would be the only harm that a leak of oil from the pipeline would cause.

E.       The species of fish that are present in Lake
                    Konfa now are the same as those that were in the lake before it was affected by pollution.

Open for discussion.