那些个矮子里拔不出来的将军:GWD3-22; GWD12-14;

GWD3-Q22:

On account of a law passed in 1993, making it a crime punishable by imprisonment that a United States citizen hold gold in the form of bullion or coins, immigrants found that on arrival in the United States they had to surrender all of the gold they had brought with them.

1. On account of a law passed in 1993, making it a crime punishable by imprisonment that a United States citizen hold

2. With a law passed in 1933 that makes it a crime punishable by imprisonment that a United States citizen hold

3. A law passed in 1933 that made it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen holding

4. Because of a law passed in 1933 making it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen to hold

5. Due to a law being passed in 1933 that makes it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen to hold

争议B, C, D

B, with 带出的独立主格结构，不能代替on account of…表示强烈的原因；

C, 同B一样是独立主格结构，但是make it a crime for United States citizen holding….这个本人认为是错的，it 是一个形式主语，这里指带一种人是crime, 逻辑错误；

D, 用了because of 表原因， make it a crime for sb. to do sth….结构很好，唯一的美中不足是a law passed in 1933 making….., 这里making应该是跳跃修饰law吧….结构恐怖的无法言说….

另外，我想说，独立主格结构也可以表示原因？

这个a law passed in 1933 making, 让我想起了OG的一题which的指代，正确的which 指代technique，但是却相隔分词修饰成分？是这样理解么？

105.       Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.

(A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton‑ induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,

(C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,

Rhetorical construction

The original sentence successfully avoids the problems that may occur in a long sentence with multiple modifiers. The sentence opens with the modifier originally developed for detecting air pollutants. This participial phrase is immediately followed by the word technique that it modifies; technique is in turn followed by the phrase called proton-induced X-ray emission. Finally; the non‑ restrictive clause which ... destroying it is correctly placed next to emission and set off from the rest of the sentence by a pair of commas.

A     Correct. The modifiers are all correctly placed and punctuated; the meaning is clear.

C     Called proton-induced X-ray emission should be placed next to a technique and should not be set off by commas; relative clause introduced by which incorrectly and illogically modifies emission

The correct answer is A.

GWD-12-Q14:

In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks were produced in the United States, but in 1929 almost twice the numbers of tucks alone came off the assembly lines.

1. the numbers of tucks alone

2. that number of trucks alone

3. the number of trucks by themselves

4. as many trucks themselves

5. as many trucks by themselves

争议在B，D

我倾向于B,

alone有两个意思：

1）- without including anything else

The case will cost thousands of pounds in legal fees alone.

2）if you are alone in a place, there is no one with you

等同于by yourself

My wife and I like to spend time alone together away from the kids.

alone描述只有某一种的时候，不能和themselves互换

另外，D的as many是正确的用法，twice as many+名词，表示有两倍这么多的…

By this means, twice as many cases of trichomonal urethritis can be found among these male

对于B, twice the number of….是常见结构，
  但是twice这里可以用作twice +n. 相当于two times+n. 表示倍数，that number确指46900

我对这道题的笔记，供你参考（我是同意D的）：

because of 的focus是something，because的focus是event，不是绝对以长短论，要看真正的原因是某个事物还是某件事情。

另外这里可能强调的就是law这个东西,而非说law passed xxx and making xxx这个事实,

a law passed in 1933 making it a crime punishable
一个过去分词+ 一个现在分词, 两个分词连用来修饰一个名词,这种情况在大全877也出现过, 所以不能算错的
另外,这里是Law, 要注意, passed用过去分词, 表示已经完成的动作, 而making用现在分词,因为是law,所以一直有效,当然要用现在分词

C的错关键是 a law 作为immigrants的同位语了

A/D区别:  imprisonment is a consequence, but "a U.S. citizen hold ....." is an action. You can say that the action LEADS TO the consequence, but you cannot say the action is the same as the consequence.

另外，我想说，独立主格结构也可以表示原因？ ＝＝》 独立主格结构在句首或句尾, 起状语作用, 表伴随原因, 条件, 状态等.

关于非限定从句的指代， 一定要看which前面成分的中心词， 这里, l两个选项：

A：a technique called proton‑ induced X-ray emission, which   虽然which前面的直接名词是emission， 但要注意， emission是在修饰technique的分词里面作表语， 所以属于从属成分， 真正的核心词是techinique，所以which指代没有问题。

C： called proton-induced X-ray emission, which  ，which前面的直接名词是emission，而且整个which前面就这么个分词结构，不指代emission 也不行啊，

同意B。 D是不可能的。 as一定是成对出现

鼓掌，撒花，

专业意见呀。

我现在常常想起高中老师的话：“明显是错的，那个是错的；像是错的那个就是对的”，想想好有哲理呀。

但是，独立主格是可以有如下形式的，所以我还是赞成C是独立主格。

2）名词／代词＋现在分词
            

Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
            

The rain having stopped ，he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。
            

3）名词／代词＋过去分词
            

More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
            

The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那个男生站在那里，右手高举。
            

你这样一说，我又晕了，到底C的是独立结构还是同位语呢？

【A law passed in 1933 that made it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen holding gold in the form of bullion or coins, 】 immigrants found that on arrival in the United States they had to surrender all of the gold they had brought with them.

但如果是独立结构的话，这个名词可以同时跟两个修饰结构（过分＋同位语从句）么？疑惑

总觉得怪怪的。

这个that是定语从句后置阿

相当于a law (that...) passed in 1993

同位语从句紧跟在修饰句的后面，根本不在句首阿！！~

个人觉得,争论 A law passed in 1933 (that定从可省略看)到底是同位语还是独立主格其实意义不大,因为本身就是存在这一模糊点，并足以因此使其被判出局。

【A law passed in 1933 that made it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen holding gold in the form of bullion or coins, 】 immigrants found that on arrival in the United States they had to surrender all of the gold they had brought with them.

表示因果关系，从关系强烈紧密到松散薄弱的程度依此是：because of > with独立主格结构> n.+过去分词结构。

这也从另一侧面证明，因为n.+过去分词与主句因果关系太弱，弱到已经产生成为同位语关系的可能混淆。

希望这能提供另一种思路。