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ETS对于提高写作的建议

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楼主
发表于 2007-7-8 18:43:00 | 只看该作者

ETS对于提高写作的建议

最近关于写作的争论很多,我从ETS的网站把他给出的提高建议摘录下来,希望可以给大家做个参考。觉得还是很好的。

The TOEFL® iBT: Improving Your Writing Skills

Advice for Writing
Skill: Writing based on Knowledge and Experience
Performance Level: Limited
Score Range: 1–16

  1. Practice writing daily.
    • Keep a journal. Write your opinions about things that you experience or topics in which you are interested.
      • Start out writing in your own language. This will help you get used to writing and will build confidence in your writing ability.
      • When you begin to feel more comfortable writing, keep a journal in English.
    • Take a writing class. This will give you lots of writing practice and a teacher will show you ways to improve your writing.
    • Find a pen pal or writing buddy. Write e-mail messages or letters to each other.
    • Practice typing on a standard English (QWERTY) keyboard.
  2. Pay attention to your grammar and sentence structure.
    • Study the basics of English grammar and develop your vocabulary.
    • Practice writing correct sentences in English. Begin by writing simple sentences.
    • Make sure that each sentence has a subject and a verb, and that the subject agrees with the verb.
      • The student likes...; The students like...
    • Take two of your sentences and practice combining them.
    • Reread what you write. Look for and correct mistakes.
  3. Study the organization of good paragraphs and essays. A good paragraph discusses ONE main idea. This idea is usually written in the first sentence, which is called the topic sentence. Each paragraph should discuss one aspect of the main idea of the essay.
    • Write paragraphs in English that focus on one main idea and contain several complete sentences that explain or support that idea.
    • Ask your teacher to review your paragraphs for correctness.
  4. Think about who will be reading your writing. In some situations you need to write in a formal manner and your sentence structure, vocabulary use, and general style should reflect that.
  5. Read a lot in English. This will help you recognize good writing styles.
沙发
 楼主| 发表于 2007-7-8 18:47:00 | 只看该作者

The TOEFL® iBT: Improving Your Writing Skills

Advice for Writing
Skill: Writing based on Knowledge and Experience
Performance Level: Fair
Score Range: 17–23

  1. Pay attention to how ideas support a position and practice generating ideas to support a position.
                
    • Read articles and essays that express opinions about an issue (for example, a social, environmental, or educational issue).
      • Identify the writer’s opinion or opinions.
      • Notice how the writer addresses possible objections to the opinion, if they are present.
      • Outline the article and note the ways the writer supports the ideas.
    • Write a response to the article or essay in English, taking the opposite viewpoint.
      • Outline your response.
      • Note the methods you use to support your ideas.
    • Reread what you have written.
      • Make sure your supporting ideas are clearly related to your main point.
      • Note what method you use to develop each of your supporting points.
      • Make sure you have developed each of your points in detail. Is there anything more you could have said to strengthen your points?
  2. Pay attention to how you organize ideas and think about how a reader who isn’t familiar with your topic is going to be able to follow the information you want to present.
    • Spend time planning and thinking about how to organize your ideas. Your reader should be able to understand how your essay is organized.
    • Have a friend or a teacher outline your essay so that you can see if others can recognize your method of organization.
    • Make sure you are using the right words to connect your ideas and supporting information in the way you want your reader to understand them.
      • Remember that your reader doesn’t know what you know or what you intend. Is there any way your reader might misunderstand? If so, consider revising how you present and explain your ideas.
      • Ask your teacher to check your use of topic sentences, paragraphs, and connecting words, phrases, and sentences. Did you use these correctly and effectively?
  3. Think about who will be reading your writing. In some situations you need to write in a formal manner and your sentence structure, vocabulary use, and general style should reflect that.
  4. Work to expand the types of sentences you write and increase your vocabulary.
    • Write paragraphs in English that contain several complete sentences.
      • Study the basics of English grammar.
      • Develop your vocabulary.
      • Practice writing correct sentences in English.
      • Ask your teacher to review your sentences for correctness.
    • Create your own dictionary of English words.
    • Use those words in your own writing.
    • Try writing longer and more complex sentences instead of short, simple sentences.
    • Focus on appropriate sentence formation and accurate word choice.
    • Read short but interesting academic articles in magazines and on Web sites in your own language each day.
      • As you feel comfortable, write the ideas from what you read in complex, accurate sentences in English.
      • Ask your teacher to review what you have written for accuracy of content, vocabulary, and grammar.
  5. Make your writing clear by avoiding grammatical mistakes.
                
    • Avoid using vague words and phrases.
    • Focus on a different aspect of English grammar each week and complete grammatical exercises that reinforce this aspect.
    • Read an article or essay in English in a magazine or on a Web site each day.
      • Summarize and respond to it in English.
      • Proofread and revise your work.
      • Ask your teacher to review your writing to see if your sentences are grammatically correct and if your sentences and word choice express ideas clearly.
  6. Read a lot in English. This will help you recognize good writing styles.

标红线的是我觉得很好的,本来还想把我觉得好的都标出来的,但是怕水平有限误导大家,所以只敢把标题标一下


[此贴子已经被作者于2007-7-8 20:00:53编辑过]
板凳
 楼主| 发表于 2007-7-8 18:47:00 | 只看该作者

The TOEFL® iBT: Improving Your Writing Skills

Advice for Writing
Skill: Writing based on Knowledge and Experience
Performance Level: Good
Score Range: 24–30

Congratulations on writing an excellent essay! You can organize, develop, and express your ideas well in English. However, all writers want to improve, so here are some points to keep in mind for the future.

  1. Continue to improve your ability to express opinions by studying the ways that published writers express their opinions.
    • Read articles and essays written by professional writers that express opinions about an issue (for example, a social, environmental, or educational issue).
      • Identify the writer’s opinion or opinions.
      • Notice how the writer addresses possible objections to the opinion, if the writer discusses these.
      • Outline the article and note the different ways the writer supports the ideas.
      • Write a response to the opinion essay or article in English, taking the opposite viewpoint.
      • Outline your response, noting the methods you used to support your ideas.
  2. Continue to develop your ability to express and organize ideas by outlining and recognizing the ways that professional writers present their ideas.
    • Read articles and essays and describe how they are organized.
    • Pay attention to the language the writers use to guide the readers’ understanding of how the parts of the article are connected.
    • Write summaries and responses to what you have read.
    • Think about how you want to organize your writing before you begin. You should have a clearly understood main idea and your supporting ideas should be relevant and developed with explanations, examples, and reasoning. A good strategy is to organize your main ideas into paragraphs that each have a topic sentence that clearly relates to your main point.
    • Use appropriate linking devices to make sure your reader can follow the ways in which you relate your information and connect your supporting ideas to your main point.
    • Get feedback from a teacher or friend on your use of language, and how you have organized your ideas.
    • Continue to develop your vocabulary, grammar, and writing skills through extensive reading in challenging academic areas.
地板
发表于 2007-7-8 19:26:00 | 只看该作者
直接把山版给的连接的内容贴出来不太好吧……

不过还是为了方便大家:)顶
5#
 楼主| 发表于 2007-7-8 19:57:00 | 只看该作者

再把在CD写作论坛中看到的ETS高分作文贴出来

ETS TWE 5-6分的范文

 

Music tells us something about a culture. What does the music of your country reveal about the culture of your country?  Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.

6

In order to answer the question, "what does the music of your country reveal about the culture of your country?" I would like to introduce myself. I am from Spain, I was born in a region called Catalonia, concretely in a town near Barcelona.

 

In my opinion, the music tells us a lot of a culture, and someone could learn a lot  from the spanish culture just listening to music in her room. But it is not easy to collect a representative sample of the spanish music, because of the enormous variety, every region of Spain has its own music, that sounds completely different from the rest, and even for some regions there are more than one type of tipical music. This variety is very important because shows that Spain is a counry of countries, each one with a particular personality.

 

It is very interesting to discover the different personality of the spanish regions, just listening how their music sounds like. For example, in the south of Spain people are known for being very funny and for their good sense of humor. In this part of Spain you can find mainly two kinds of music: the Flamenco and the Sevillanas. Sevillas have completly the personality of andalusian people, it is very cheerful. However, Flamenco sounds sad and deep. The reason is that although andalusian people have a good mood, they live in one of the poorest part of Spain, and they express their pain through the flamenco music.

 

Finally, I would like to say that I personally agree with the statement that music tells us something about a culture, and with my example example I wanted to illustrate, how much of the culture of a country it is possible to learn just listening to its music.

 

5

Music is wide considered the universal language and a component of culture. Music also tells a tale which reveals the origins of a country's culture and the influences in the culture's development.

    

In Singapore, our music is diverse and blended. By listening to our music, one will note that it has its roots in many cultures. This is due to the fact that Singapore is a multiracial country and as such, the identity of Singaporean culture is a melting pot of different races.

 

The use of music in Singapore's society also allows one to have a better understanding of our culture. Music is used for many different aspects of our lives. Weddings, funerals, holidays, all call for different types of music. The tone of the music also changes accordingly. Special attention must be paid to the different races' use of music, too, as the music used for similar occassions sometimes differs greatly. For example, a Chinese funeral uses lively music and in many ways resembles a festive event whereas a Malay funeral would tend to be more sombre. Through these observations one can generally understand that while Singapore is one country, its makeup is not homogenous.

 

The instruments used to produce music are an example of such a diversity. We have gongs from China, reed instruments from Malaysia, and stringed instruments from India. As such, Singapore's cultural identity is seen as a blend of many cultures. It draws its identity from the different parts of the whole which make up Singapore's population.

 

A close look at Singapore's music also reveals that it is also influenced by foreigners. Western civilization has made a great impact globally and the results can be seen in music, too. The younger generation is the main recipient of this influence and the music it listens to is an example of that fact. This influence in the tastes and preference of music is a reflection of Singapore's present-day culture.

 

 

The essay:

Some people pay money for the things they want or need.  Other people trade products or goods for what they need.  Compare the advantages of these two ways of obtaining things.  Which way do you prefer?  Explain why.

 

level 6

 

Trade is a human actitvity since the earliest periods of history.  After men settled in a particular site, they exchanged the products they grew or the animals they bred. This process lead to the development of money (understood as bills, coins, etc.), and therefore, our actual economy of buy-and-sell.

 

The advantages of the first one relies on the fact that both people who take part in this action are dealing with physical goods or labors in common. In other words those who are trading some farmlands for wetlands, or having a field harvested for fishing an specific place, are dealing on the same level of activities. On the other hand to pay for a particular good or service, makes it simpler to clarify the value of things, since the value is given by a common agreement between society (besides it is easier to carry a ten dollar bill than a flock of geese in your pocket!).

 

I prefer the process of buying things. Trade worked perfectly in earlier societies, where the number of individuals living in that community was small and the tasks were simpler. In today's world this is a little bit more complex. I believe that the process of buy-and-sell fits our modern way of living, not only because it is simpler, but because we are getting to the point where all of our transactions will be done "virtually" (credit cards, internet, etc.) and paying for a meal would be easier than trading it for a service

 

level 5

 

Many different ways of obtaining the things you need can be represented.  The two most common ways of obtaining the things you may need or want is to pay money for them or to trade products or goods for what they need.  In those two ways, there are advantages and disadvantages that follows.  My personal feelings about the way in which you obtain the things you may need or want is to pay for them for a appropriate bargain price.

   

The advantage of paying for the things you need or want is that you can obtain anything you want.  When you purchase an item for your use, you often look at the price and how the purpose of the product can suit your needs.  When you are paying for the products you need you can often match the direct purpose of the product for your use.  This allows the consumer to feel confident of the product that they have purchased, thus leaving the manufacturers feeling happy.

   

However, when you are trading in a product for a different product, you can't always get everything you want and need.  Since you have to match the value of the product you are trading, the value of the product you want can be of higher value thus limiting your selection of products to purchase.  But one advantage of trading is that you don't actually have to pay money to obtain a product.  It's kind of like upgrading your computer.  You are just simply trading in something old for something that is more of worth or use to you now.

    

Instead of fussing to find out what I can trade in to get what I need now or later on in the future, it is a better idea to pay for the products you want other than to trade.  You receive or obtain what you want and satisfy your need much faster and effectively when you pay money for the things I or anyone might need.

 

 

Essay

Think of the most interesting class you have ever taken.  Why did you enjoy

this class so much?  Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

 

level 6

   

The most interesting class I have taken is art.  I enjoy this class purely because of the freedom of choices one can make.  The teacher, nor the work, are pressuring.  The atmosphere of the classroom is extremely friendly and relaxing.  Art class relieves the stress of the more rigorous courses I attend.  There is an incredible variety of medias to chose from and one can develop a sense of independence.  I enjoy this class particularly because I understand the subject of art.

    

Art class gives a person the opportunity to explore within the realm of one's imagination.  There does not seem to be a barrier for the ideas one wishes to create.  The class is filled with pleasures because there is no stress nor worries.   Art also helps one go through logical stages of development.  Firstly, one makes a rough sketch of the final project and imagines different styles in which it could be done.  Secondly, the actual thought process and the creating of the project develops.  And lastly,  the project is complete and ready for interpretation and viewing.

   

I greatly believe that one is able to express through pictures and images when the can not explain in words.  The inner thoughts of a person come directly through the canvas.  The beauty of art is that it can be interpreted in many different ways by the viewer.  I adore this subject because of the freedom of expression and the unlimited interpretation.

    

I have learned a great deal being an art student.  I have matured and gained independence while listening to criticism as well.  The critcism only helps one expand their thoughts and acknowlegde other's style of thinking.  I enjoy this class also because of the relaxed environment, a contrast to the rest of the academic classes.  The freedom of choice is wonderfully appealing in my point of view.

 

5

The most interesting class I have ever taken was microeconomics class, the first course to be taken as a beginning of the economics study.  It is remembered so vividly because, above all, I was under tremendous pressure when I was taking the course as most of my classmates were.  None of us were accepted to the economics major yet, and the grade we got on this course will play a crucial part in admission process.  However, the fundamental reason that I enjoyed it so much was that after a month or so, I was able to read and understand financial newspaper such as Wall Street Journal.  Sometimes, I was absorbed in what was happening in the real world so much that I neglected to study textbooks carefully.

 

I also had a pleasure of having the best TA (teaching assistant) I had ever had.  University of California is a huge school and there are just too many tudents in each class.  As undergraduate students, we don't have chance to see the professor in person very often.  TA's are the ones who directly influence our progresses in class.  My TA in that class was no less clear in explaining the class material than the professor, and he inspired us to have interests in economic interpretations of real world.

 

Not everyone get to have the previlege of knowing exactly what to do with their lives.  The fun of understanding economics and business made me sure that I would have my career in that field and get MBA degree.


[此贴子已经被作者于2007-7-8 20:09:29编辑过]
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