GWD-3-Q3:

A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.

1. which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing

2. which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing

3. which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches, the closing of

4. including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing

E. including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of [D]

这道语法题虽然选对，但对其中的语法现象至今困惑。按很多语法准则，动名词including应该就近修饰名词population似乎有修饰歧义，

希望CD NN能够可以拨开云雾

GWD-3-Q3:

The other choices all have serious problem: A and B should use "include"; C clearly violates parallelism; E also violates parallelism by omitting "the" before "requiring". Therefore D is the only possible choice. Admittedly, "including" does introduce certain degree of ambiguity, but the rule there is not clear-cut.

GWD-12-Q29:

There is indeed a problem. However, this is not the only instance in CR and RC. It is not important, so don't read too much into that -- it certainly doesn't imply that such problem is tolerated in SC.

GWD-3-Q3:

为什么用INCLUDE而不是用单数呢？不是非限定性定语从句吗？

还是看 a number of remedies?

迟了回复，还是要感谢前面的NN们在这里发贴，虽然心头的疑云还是挥之不去，麻烦CD牛牛们再看几例

GWD-6-Q1:

The themes that Rita Dove explores in her poetry is universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally she deals with racial issues.

   A  is universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally she deals

1. is universal, encompassing much of the human condition, also occasionally it deals

2. are universal, they encompass much of the human condition and occasionally deals
3.  are universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally dealing（D）
4. are universal, they encompass much of the human condition, also occasionally are dealing

这里encompassing xx while occasionally dealing with xx 逻辑主语是主句主语“The themes”；我的疑惑在于，这里的动名词结构是做伴随状语的话，是对“is universal”进行伴随说明吗？这样的话，GWD-3-Q3与此题是如出一辄。可是在GWD-3-Q3中，主句主语Study 无法做“including结构”的逻辑主语，而是“a number of remedies”. 因此，凭借何种标准或准则来判定谁为做伴随状语的动名词结构的逻辑主语？（有点晕，呵呵）难道仅仅是根据意思来。那很多OG所谓的歧义不都是无痛呻吟么，譬如  “volcano in letters”谁都知道信件里是不会有什么火山的
                

OG229. The colorization of black-and-white films by
                computers is defended by those who own the film rights, for the process can mean increased revenues for them; many others in the film industry, however, contend that the technique degrades major works of art, which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue.

(A)  which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue

(B)   which they liken to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it

(C)  which they liken to lipstick put on a Greek statue

(D)  likening it to a Greek statue with lipstick put
                on it

(E)   likening it to putting lipstick on a Greek statue(E)

likening的逻辑主语是many others吧，那么likening it to putting lipstick on a Greek statue应该是伴随状语吧，谁能具体分析分析

GWD-6-Q8:

Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almost certain to leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future.

1. Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are(A)

2. Reserve, now viewing the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation and are

3. Reserve who, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are

4. Reserve, who now view the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation, will be

5. Reserve, which now views the economy to be balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, is

另外，

OG44.
                    Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

(A)Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heart-beats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

(B)
                    Fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy, using a Doppler ultrasound device.

(C)
                    Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of
                pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler
                ultrasound device.

(D)By the twelfth week of pregnancy, fetal heartbeats
                can be detected using a Doppler ultrasound
                device by a physician.

(E)
                    Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

Choice A presents a dangling modifier. The phrase beginning the sentence has no noun that it can logically modify and hence cannot fit anywhere in the sentence and make sense. Coming first, it modifies heartbeats, the nearest free noun in the main clause; that is, choice A says that the heartbeats are using the Doppler ultrasound device. Choice B contains the same main clause and dangling modifier, now at the end. Contrary to intent, the wording in choice C suggests that physicians can use a Doppler ultrasound device after they detect fetal heartbeats. In choice D the phrase using ... device should follow physician, the noun it modifies. Choice E is best.

OG 里明确表示动名词结构在句首（包括带介词的动名词结构，i.e. in assessing the xx, by implementing xx）与主句中的逻辑主语是要保持一致的