由GWD22-Q30 得出的 including 和 rather than 平行的问题总结

teddybearj4 · 发表于 2012-2-19 00:56:10

Q30

P-17

The new image of Stone Age people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including three wooden spears that archaeologists believe to be about 400,000 years old.

A.merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including
B.as merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from examining tools found in Germany, which include
C.as mere meat scavengers, has emerged from examining tools found in Germany that includes
D.mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, which includes
E.mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including

正确答案是E。这道题一开始有两个疑问，1、including 和 which include的问题。2、rather than的平行问题。（为甚麽平行是systematic hunters of large animals和mere scavengers of meat，而不是as systematic hunters of large animals和as mere meat scavengers，即，平行为什么不带上as）

查了Ron的解释自己总结了一下including和 rather than平行的用法，欢迎大家来拍砖和补充。

首先这道题的解题根据subject“a new image”单数排除A、B。从C、D的which指代tools，用include不是includes排掉。其实也就只剩下E了。

1、为什么用including不用which include。
a.including有prep.的用法，以下摘自朗文。

in·clud·ing
W1S2/?n?klu?d??/prep
used to introduce something or someone that is part of a larger group or amount you have just mentioned
≠ excluding
　

The price is £25.50, including postage and packing.
　

You'll need a variety of skills, including leadership and negotiating.

也就是including这个prep.是就近指代的。

b.include:作Verb,not in progressive，不能用于进行时。
所以comma+including不可以理解是作伴随状语，跟一般的comma+Ving的用法不一致。

c.n. which includes...有n.中包含什么成分的意思。下面摘自Ron的原话。
if you say "tools that include X", then X is A COMPONENT of the tools. so, for instance, "tools that include a bottle opener" means that a bottle opener is one of many attachments.
这里的that/which include的包含是有"成分"的意思。

on the other hand, "tools(,) including X" implies that X is ONE OF the tools. so, for instance, "tools(,) including a bottle opener" means that the bottle opener itself is one of the tools in question.
这里是including作prep.，这里的包括是“有”的意思。

2、什么时候rather than 平行 as省略什么时候不省略？(结合Ron的总结)
a.rather than是单独的一个平行标志，不想both ... and ...，not only ... but also...可以看出前一个平行的phrase从哪里开始，therefore, you can choose to start the first parallel element wherever you want - meaning that you can choose to include or exclude "as" at your convenience。

而B、C选项真正的错误是在于as后面的与systematic hunters of large animals不平行。
(c)
The new image of Stone Age people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than as mere meat scavengers, has...
this parallelism is acceptable, but there are two undesirable things:
* "hunters OF large animals" isn't truly parallel to "meat scavengers"
* "meat scavengers" is awkward / unclear (you probably won't know this unless you're a native speaker of english and/or a writer)

yiayia · 发表于 2012-2-19 10:11:24

撒花

总结的很不错~

A,B,C三个选项的确可以平行来排除。比较结构好像很喜欢完全结构上的平行。如：这题就是名词+介宾 rather than 名词+介宾

而且from examing 这种介词+动名词的结构不如 from+动词的名词结构好。

teddybearj4 · 发表于 2012-2-19 13:33:22

恩恩呐~yiayia说的那个是不是gerund和n.的用法呀？这个我也有点蒙，ms像抽象的东东一般都是n.表达更好~

cindytaurus · 发表于 2012-2-19 15:26:40

很受用啊~~

yakev6 · 发表于 2012-5-14 14:01:30

感谢，熊熊，正查这题呢，熊熊总结的真好。
including是介词,学到了。赞一个。
说说我的思路，通过主谓一致ABCD通杀，
通过含义判断后面未划线部分是修饰tools的，C和D跨越介宾和分词修饰tools但是主谓不一致。

The new image of Stone Age people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including three wooden spears that archaeologists believe to be about 400,000 years old.

(A) merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including

(B) as merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from examining tools found in Germany, which include

(C) as mere meat scavengers, has emerged from examining tools found in Germany that includes

(D) mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, which includes

(E) mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including

teddybearj4 · 发表于 2012-5-14 14:48:57

嘻嘻~谢谢大叔表扬！大叔你说的那个我前面有写啦~

“首先这道题的解题根据subject“a new image”单数排除A、B。从C、D的which指代tools，用include不是includes排掉。其实也就只剩下E了。”

当时就是看那个including和rather than平行的问题实在是太不爽了，拿出来总结一下嘻嘻~

longriver2 · 发表于 2012-8-9 15:28:10

赞一个

YvaineDing · 发表于 2014-5-26 08:17:58

楼主总结的很赞！！

Cynth1aC · 发表于 2016-10-3 20:49:24

感谢总结！

Vanilla_MY · 发表于 2016-11-17 11:02:01

表白! include 和including 的用法顿时开朗哈哈哈

[SC总结] 由GWD22-Q30 得出的 including 和 rather than 平行的问题总结

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